The article gives a view over a part of a research that has been started on public spaces as a shared wealth of different qualities and uses. Introduction explores the capital of Slovakia a little bit in the sense of ...The article gives a view over a part of a research that has been started on public spaces as a shared wealth of different qualities and uses. Introduction explores the capital of Slovakia a little bit in the sense of urban structure and historical consequences. The issue is currently solved by several members （academics, officials, NGOs （non-governmental organizations）） focusing on the same thing from slightly different aspects. Therefore, qualities and characteristics of an open space are put into closer look in the main text body part. Single tools working with individual features describe the up-to-date situation in the Bratislava city center. It is assumed that they could be used for whole city and other cities as well, what would bring an overall look at towns and cities in Slovakia. Features and findings are expressed in map and in simplified graphic schemes. Findings include mutual effects and consequences between role of a space in the city as a cultural phenomenon, its physical surrounding and people flowing daily through it. Finally, advices and prioritization could be formed for the city itself as a self-governing subject to improve its ＂inner-outer＂ qualities.展开更多
To investigate forest carbon sequestration and its role in addressing global climatic change, it is important to assess carbon emissions caused by major disturbances from forest ecosystems to the atmosphere. Based on ...To investigate forest carbon sequestration and its role in addressing global climatic change, it is important to assess carbon emissions caused by major disturbances from forest ecosystems to the atmosphere. Based on forestry statistics on the occurrence of each disturbance and acceptable assumptions on the process and proportion of biomass carbon transferred to other pools due to each disturbance, this paper estimates the direct carbon emission from Chinese forest vegetation caused by three major disturbances, that is, wood harvesting, fire, and DPR, from 1990 to 2009. Results showed that over the past two decades, Chinese forests have been disturbed rather intensively by wood harvesting, fires, and DPR, with clear upward occurrence trends of the three disturbances in the early 21 st century. As a result, the average annual carbon emissions caused by wood harvesting, fires, and DPR were 34.25 Tg, 1.61 Tg, and 4.29 Tg, respectively, during 1990–2009. The aggregate annual carbon emission due to these three major disturbances was 40.15 Tg during 1990–2009, which was 30.79 Tg during 1990–1999 and 49.51 Tg during 2000–2009. According to the analysis of carbon emissions from different forest regions, there were obvious regional characteristics of the average annual carbon emission caused by each disturbance. However, it was difficult to identify clear cause and effect relationships among disturbances to explain the spatial variation of carbon emissions from forest vegetation in China. Disturbances have significant influences on carbon balance of forest ecosystems in China. This finding suggests the opportunities for increasing forest carbon sequestration by disturbance-aimed sustainable long-term management of forest resources, as well as the necessity of considering the role of major disturbances in carbon budget models for forest ecosystems or terrestrial ecosystems.展开更多
文摘The article gives a view over a part of a research that has been started on public spaces as a shared wealth of different qualities and uses. Introduction explores the capital of Slovakia a little bit in the sense of urban structure and historical consequences. The issue is currently solved by several members （academics, officials, NGOs （non-governmental organizations）） focusing on the same thing from slightly different aspects. Therefore, qualities and characteristics of an open space are put into closer look in the main text body part. Single tools working with individual features describe the up-to-date situation in the Bratislava city center. It is assumed that they could be used for whole city and other cities as well, what would bring an overall look at towns and cities in Slovakia. Features and findings are expressed in map and in simplified graphic schemes. Findings include mutual effects and consequences between role of a space in the city as a cultural phenomenon, its physical surrounding and people flowing daily through it. Finally, advices and prioritization could be formed for the city itself as a self-governing subject to improve its ＂inner-outer＂ qualities.
基金supported by the National Key Basic Research and Development Program(2010CB833500)the"Strategic Priority Research Program-Climate Change:Carbon Budget and Relevant Issues"of Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA05050601)+3 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31070435,41071166)jointly supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2010CB833504)the CAS Strategic Priority Research Program(Grant No.XDA05050601)the Independent Innovation Project of the Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research(Grant No.200903007)
文摘To investigate forest carbon sequestration and its role in addressing global climatic change, it is important to assess carbon emissions caused by major disturbances from forest ecosystems to the atmosphere. Based on forestry statistics on the occurrence of each disturbance and acceptable assumptions on the process and proportion of biomass carbon transferred to other pools due to each disturbance, this paper estimates the direct carbon emission from Chinese forest vegetation caused by three major disturbances, that is, wood harvesting, fire, and DPR, from 1990 to 2009. Results showed that over the past two decades, Chinese forests have been disturbed rather intensively by wood harvesting, fires, and DPR, with clear upward occurrence trends of the three disturbances in the early 21 st century. As a result, the average annual carbon emissions caused by wood harvesting, fires, and DPR were 34.25 Tg, 1.61 Tg, and 4.29 Tg, respectively, during 1990–2009. The aggregate annual carbon emission due to these three major disturbances was 40.15 Tg during 1990–2009, which was 30.79 Tg during 1990–1999 and 49.51 Tg during 2000–2009. According to the analysis of carbon emissions from different forest regions, there were obvious regional characteristics of the average annual carbon emission caused by each disturbance. However, it was difficult to identify clear cause and effect relationships among disturbances to explain the spatial variation of carbon emissions from forest vegetation in China. Disturbances have significant influences on carbon balance of forest ecosystems in China. This finding suggests the opportunities for increasing forest carbon sequestration by disturbance-aimed sustainable long-term management of forest resources, as well as the necessity of considering the role of major disturbances in carbon budget models for forest ecosystems or terrestrial ecosystems.
