延安市人民政府办公室关于印发《延安市公安局交通警察支队(延安市公安局公路巡逻民警支队)主要职责内设机构和人员编制规定》的通知

延政办发[2012]161号各县区人民政府,市政府各工作部门、各直属机构:《延安市公安局交通警察支队(延安市公安局公路巡逻民警支队)主要职责内设机构和人员编制规定》已经市机构编制委员会研究批准,现予印发。二○一二年九月二十五日延安市公安局交通警察支队(延安市公安局公路巡逻民警支队)主要职责内设机构和人员编制规定根据市委、市政府《关于延安市人民政府机构改革的实施方案》(延市发[2010]6号)。

美国:高教质量评估政府“靠边站”

近日,上海交通大学发布了2014年"世界大学学术排名"。其中,前十名有8所来自美国高校。美国大学学术能够独占鳌头,与其重视高等教育质量评估密不可分——历经100多年的发展,美国高等教育质量评估体系在保障高校教育质量、维护高校学术自南方面发挥了重要的作用,是美国保持其世界高等教育强国地位的有力保障。美国教育部等政府机构一般不直接参与高校的质量评估,即美国的教育质量认证机构与拨款机构是分离的。

不完备法律理论及其对我国食品安全治理的启示

法律不完备理论的核心思想是:法律由于人类理性限度而通常不完备。在法律高度不完备状态下,需要参照标准化因素和预期负外部性效应强度两个条件,在监管者和法院之间合理分配剩余立法权与执法权。法律不完备理论存在对不同时满足两个条件的特殊市场解释不足以及对法院能力认识不足的缺陷。食品市场正是一个不能同时同向兼具这两个条件的特殊化市场。这意味着食品安全治理必须综合利用监管者与法院这两种力量,实现二元共同合理分配剩余立法权与执法权。

Building Materials

Building Materials Sub-council of CCPIT is the other sub-council in construction field.CCPIT Building Materials Sub- council(CCPITBM),as well as CCO1C Build- ing Materials Chamber of Commerce,is au- thorized by CCPIT and state administration of building materials industry in 1992.

Time to detoxify medical literature from guideline overdose

The current financial turmoil in the United States has been attributed to multiple reasons including healthcare expenditure.Health care spending has increased from 5.7 percent of the gross domestic product(GDP) in 1965 to 16 percent of the GDP in 2004.Healthcare is driven with a goal to provide best possible care available at that period of time.Guidelines are generally assumed to have the high level of certainty and security as conclusions generated by the conventional scientific method leading many clinicians to use guidelines as the final arbiters of care.To provide the standard of care,physicians follow guidelines,proposed by either groups of physicians or various medical societies or government organizations like National Comprehensive Cancer Network.This has lead to multiple tests for the patient and has not survived the test of time.This independence leads to lacunae in the standardization of guidelines,hence flooding of literature with multiple guidelines and confusion to patients and physicians and eventually overtreatment,inefficiency,and patient inconvenience.There is an urgent need to restrict articles with Guidelines and develop some strategy like have an intermediate stage of pre-guidelines and after 5-10 years of trials,a systematic launch of the Guidelines.There can be better ways than this for putting together guidelines as has been suggested by multiple authors and researchers.

Market-Based Solutions to Overcapacity：Principles and Measures

This paper takes stock of theoretical economic analyses of overcapacity,reveals the factors that induce actual capacity to deviate from market equilibrium, examines market-based mechanisms to resolve overcapacity, and identifies long-term mechanisms and assurances for market-based solutions to overcapacity. Given the limitations of market mechanism and the government's role, neither the market nor the government is able to resolve the problem of overcapacity on its own. In resolving overcapacity, market and the government should play their respective roles rather than replace one another. While the market is a dominant force in regulating capacity and achieving supply and demand equilibrium, the government should provide institutional assurances for effective market operation. Market-based solutions to overcapacity require the government to provide institutional assurances and create a system where market entities decide to enter and exit the market under effective restraints and incentives with a clear boundary.

Fraud Prevention Mechanisms of Malaysian Government-Linked Companies： An Assessment of Existence and Effectiveness

Understanding the root causes of fraud and learning about the most effective fraud prevention mechanisms are critical in reducing the incidence of financial fraud. Therefore, this study solicits the views of fraud investigators on the existence and effectiveness of fraud prevention mechanisms within Government-Linked Companies （GLCs）. Specifically, effective fraud prevention mechanisms （FPM） should be undertaken by five critical groups, namely the board of directors, audit committees, external auditors, internal auditors, and anti-fraud specialists. A total of 147 questionnaires were distributed to fraud investigators of all public listed GLCs in Malaysia. Out of those, a total of 45 usable responses were received, which represents an effective response rate of 30.6%. In terms of existence, the respondents ranked ＂management review of internal controls＂ and ＂external audits of financial statements＂ as the top-most FPMs. This was followed by other mechanisms such as operational audits, internal audits and internal control review/improvements by departments. Out of the 27 fraud prevention mechanisms, fraud investigators perceiyed surprise audits, fraud hotline, fraud prevention program and training, anti-fraud policy, fraud vulnerability reviews, operational audits, whistle-blowing policy, internal audit or fraud examination department, and, imposing penalty and disciplinary action as more effective than the others. Overall, this study provides important insights to practitioners and organizations in identifying fraud prevention mechanisms that are most effective.

The Return on Capital in China and Its Determinants~

This paper first estimates the overall return on capital in China between 1978 and 2013. It then identifies the determinants of return on capital by analyzing provincial panel data and breaks down the causes of swerves in capital return after the eruption of the global financial crisis in 2008. It finds that： （1） there is significant inertia in the return on capital,＂ （2） government intervention has significantly negative impact on capital return; （3） a significantly negative correlation is observed between investment rate and return on capital,＂ and （4） the increases in the shares of secondary and tertiary industries in the economy have significantly positive impact on return on capital. This paper concludes that the growth in investment rate and the expansion of government size are both important contributors to the recent decline in China＇s return on capital since the financial crisis.

Huawei＇s American Dream

Today, Huawei is a global giant generating over $32 billion in annual revenues, with offices in more than 140 countries. Despite its global success, its expansion efforts have been repeatedly blocked by U.S. government agencies. This, in turn, has contributed to Huawei debates in some other countries as well. How did Huawei become a global leader？ Why are some U.S. government agencies anxious about its expansion in America, whereas the marketplace is not？ Why does it divide the Congress and the White House？ What are the ultimate reasons for the debacle？ What are the lessons for Chinese companies and the U.S. government？ And why does the closure of the Huawei case matter？

An Analysis of the Impact of Charging for Plastic Shopping Bags to Retailers in Japan

In accordance with a revision of the Containers and Packaging Recycling Law, there is an accelerating trend towards charging for plastic shopping bags （PSBs） in Japan for the purpose of reducing their discharge. The objectives of this research were to gauge, by means of a questionnaire survey, the opinions of retailers with regard to charging for PSBs, and to consider future directions for reducing the quantity of waste discharged. A questionnaire survey on charging for PSBs was conducted for retail stores in Shizuoka City. The survey was carried out in two phases. The results of the first phase （August to October 2008） showed that supermarkets were generally positive, while conversely other retailer types were negative. The results of the second phase （November to December, 2010）, targeting only supermarkets that had introduced charging after the first survey, showed that there was no major confusion and the shift proceeded relatively smoothly. In addition, the number of customers did not decline on account of charging, and the ratio of shoppers bringing their own reusable ＂eco bags＂ jumped dramatically. On these accounts, it is evident that charging for PSBs is an effective means of reducing usage of PSBs. The authors view it as important for the relevant governmental agencies to work towards promoting charging at retailers and simultaneously repeatedly explaining to consumers the necessity for charging.

Public Perception on the Success of Reforestation in a Degraded Land

Reforestation is an activity that involves planting or man-made trees regeneration and other plants in the state forest areas and in other areas based on land-use plan designated as forest. The purpose of this study was to determine the public perception of the difficulty of successful reforestation activities in the Lake Toba catchment area. The data were taken from primary and secondary data. Primary data were information collected by reforestation activities in the villages, secondary data were collected in the study site general conditions existing at the village government agencies, of which sampling method was done by purposive sampling, i.e., sampling deliberately chosen. The results showed a lack of socialization in the extension of government reforestation activities, uncontrolled forest fires, lack of maintenance of seed that has been planted, and the type of plant is less suitable.

Diffusion of Spatial Data Infrastructures： Private More Inspired than the Public Sector---A Case of Tanzania

Spatial data is a key resource for national development. There is a lot of potential locked in spatial data and this potential may be realized by making spatial data readily available for various applications. SD1 （Spatial Data Infrastructures） provides a platform for the data users, producers and so on to generate and share spatial data effectively. Though efforts to develop spatial data infrastructures started worldwide in the late 1970s, SDIs are still perceived by many institutions as new innovation; as such, they have not penetrated to all institutions to bring about effective management and development changes. This paper is reporting on a study conducted to assess SDI Readiness Index for Tanzania. The study aimed at identifying problems undermining SD1 implementation in Tanzania, despite its potential in bringing fast socio-economic development elsewhere in the world. This paper is based on a research based on views from stakeholders of geospatial technology industry in Municipal Councils, Private Companies and Government Departments in Tanzania. Results indicated that Private Companies are more inspired than Government institutions towards implementation of SDIs. And those problems affecting implementation of SDIs are lack of National SDI Policy, lack of awareness and knowledge about SDIs, limited funding to operationalise SDI, lack of institutional leadership to coordinate SDI development activities, lack of political commitment from the Government. It is recommended that delibate efforts be devised to raise awareness of SDI amongst the Tanzanian community.

Digital Public Relations in the Russian Governmental Communication： 2011-2012 Typology and General Situation

The paper deals with the development of digital public relations （PRs） in the Russian govemmental communications in the years of 2011-2012. Empirical study is based on the content-analysis of on-line public activities of Russian federal governmental bodies and regional governors in October-November, 2011. It has shown the coexistence of two basic models of governmental communication in the Russian Federation--old-fashioned bureaucratic and new interactive.

Money Laundering in the Central and Eastern Europe

The purpose of this paper is to provide an economic overview of the costs and benefits of anti-money laundering （AML） rules. After defining and explaining the three stages of money laundering, the paper provides an insight into the volume and development of money laundering activities in the Central and Eastern Europe. It relies on international, comparative studies outlines the impact of AML measures on banks and other financial intermediaries Conditions of reporting suspicious activity and government agencies, which use these reports to identify investigation targets, are also analysed. Moreover, the paper discusses possible reasons for the failure of AML rules to fight against the crimes and collateral damage caused by AML. These figures, which are presented in this scientific research, give an indication of how important the money laundering problem and the level of organized crime are.

University Social Responsibility from the Perspective of the Different Stakeholders

The objective of this research is to analyze social responsibility from the stakeholder’s perspective to establish whether universities have advanced in their conception. The research is exploratory and conclusive descriptive of the cross-sectional sample. The internal and external stakeholders of the public universities domiciled in Quito were taken into account. The results showed that university managers relate this concept with actions of connection with community, the relevance of the academic offer and the accountability, while students relate this concept with teaching in values and philanthropic activities. For administrative personnel instead, university social responsibility （USR） is related to work benefits. On the other hand, the business sector relates this concept with the answer to their needs of innovation. As expected, representatives of government agencies highlight the university’s responses that are necessary to become the engine of economic, productive and social transformation of the country. It is concluded that USR is applied in a partial way, which translates into management models that do not incorporate it as an explicit variable of their actions.

Strategies for Dealing with Gang Activity in Urban Communities

As disturbing as youth and gun violence is, it is not hard to reduce the mortality rate because it is preventable. The information provided in this research will help to get policies waiting to be reviewed by legislators, and any new proposal that reaches the appropriate legislative chamber, reviewed without obstacles and will help to prevent youth violence. Upon completion of this research, the study shows that rates of youth violence have decreased based on programs implemented at the state government level with a stronger juvenile justice system holding offenders accountable to ensure public safety and reduce youth violence and victimization. The study shows that community and school involvement with law enforcement and government agencies are some of the strategies needed to help reduce gun violence and rebuild communities.

The Innovation System Dynamics of the Shrimp Farming Industry in Northeastern Brazil

The present article is an analysis of the innovation system dynamics of the shrimp farming industry in Northeastern Brazil along with the forms of interaction and exchange of information and know-how and the generation and diffusion of innovation characterizing its development. Brazil is the world＇s tenth-largest shrimp producer, with farms strongly concentrated in the Northeastern part of the country. Our findings show that the shrimp production/innovation system in Northeastern Brazil is highly institutionalized and is regulated, controlled and inspected by government agencies. In addition, the sector is now strongly networked with public universities, training and research institutions and other entities with varying degrees of autonomy and different forms of cooperation and integration. Parts of the technological innovations adopted by large companies in the sector are a spin-off of activities at universities and research centers. However, the close cooperation between public research/teaching institutions and large-scale producers is rarely extended to small and midsize businesses, whose interrelations become very fragile. The lack of communication between small producers and public research/teaching institutions makes it more difficult for farmers to assimilate new processes and to generate and incorporate innovations, compromising the dynamics of the production/innovation system of the shrimp farming industry in Northeastern Brazil.

Gender, Poverty and Climate Change in Nigeria

The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of climate change on gender and poverty in Nigeria. The paper relies mainly on secondary data generated by private individuals, government and non-government bodies. From these sources, the paper reveals that climate change has resulted in higher temperature increase frequency on extreme weather events in the country, such as storms or record drought resulting in the dislocation of agricultural areas and its consequence food shortage. Women are the hardest hit because they produce food and do not have control over land to make most communities vulnerable to flooding as seen in Lokoja, Bauchi and Kaduna among others in Nigeria. Flooding has increased the frequency of vector-borne diseases such as malaria, dysentery, typhoid, cholera, etc.. Women who clean the mess left behind after the flood are mostly affected. It is also revealed that climate change has resulted in great economic losses, with most of the losses to be in agricultural production, the engine of growth and the mainstay of the economy. Finally, the paper suggests measures such as reduction in deforestation by provision of alternative source of energy and environmental friendly industrial activities will help reduce the rate of discharge of carbon-dioxide into the atmosphere.