国际青年科技奖励发展特点与启示

在美国、加拿大、德国、日本、新西兰等发达国家,以政府设奖为标杆、民间奖项百花齐放是青年科技奖励发展的典型特征,且近年来奖项数量和奖金额度都有显著增加的趋势。为青年科技人才提供更多的研究资助,并通过奖励激励其成长,已成为这些国家增强科技实力、确保在未来国际科技竞争中取得优势地位的重要科技战略。本文通过对世界各国和各类国际学术组织所设青年科技奖励的广泛调研,采用统计分析和案例研究相结合的方法,结合我国科技奖励体系现状与问题,提出设立国家级青年科技奖励、推动中国青年科技奖国际化、优化社会科技奖励奖项结构、强化学科特色分类评选4个方面的启示。

Children's participatory design for sustainable development and community planning

The urban developments have been carried out by only professionals for a long time because of efficiency and safety. However, most residents are ordinary people. Therefore, it is necessary to change the awareness of sustainable living environments, not only on the construction side but also the residents. In recent years, the number of cases of residents＇ participation in planning, maintaining, and repairing increased. However, sometimes youths and children, who might spend a lifetime longer than adults in a city after the developments have been done, are not included in this ＂Residents＂. Conceming youth and children＇s participation, CFC （child friendly city） is one of the good practices for sustainable development. It was launched by UNICEF （United Nations Intemational Children＇s Emergency Fund） and UN-Habitat in the Habitat II in 1996. City governments, especially in European countries, started to view CFC as their key concept for preservation and/or sustainable development. CFC means not only being ＂Children＂ friendly but also ＂All people＂ friendly. Various effects have been reported since the Historic Cities/districts included CFC in their city planning as a common concept, especially in education, community re-development, and operation and maintenance by the community. It is expected that better city planning in preservation and sustainable development can be achieved by adding CFC concept. In this research, an ideal way of city planning involving resident participation and the possibility in the future are analyzed based on case studies. Then a strategy of sustainable development and community planning involving youth and children＇s participation is proposed.

Administrative Urbanization and City-making in Post-reform China: A Case Study of Ordos City, Inner Mongolia

In post-reform China, local governments, instead of the central state, have become major promoters of urbanization. Differing from the existing literature based on Western theories, this article argues that a localized perspective, ‘administrative urbanization', can provide a contextual explanation for the mechanism of urbanization in the reform era. The case study of Ordos indicates that new town construction, especially in the inland area, has become the main strategy for investment attraction and economic development. The local government has played a dominant role in this construction through a series of administrative measures, including avoidance of central state regulations, land leasing, high standard infrastructure construction, relocation policies and industrial attraction. This article also explores the issue of unsustainability in the new town, and identifies that underdeveloped industrialization, slow population agglomeration and real estate bubbles are primary threats to the sustainability of administrative urbanization.

Media Agenda and Citizen Perceptions About the Economic Crisis in Mexico： The Case of South-Center Area

This paper reports the role of national newspapers in the agenda setting process about the economical crisis in Mexico and its impact, as important mediators, in the public opinion, in a context of high social uncertainty. It has sought to know whether the responses of federal government economic policy have influenced the presidential level of acceptance and whether the adverse outcomes in federal elections intermediate reveal significant aspects in the electoral behavior of the population for presidential succession 2012. This involved measuring citizens perceptions and decisions before the reforms and their consequences, analyze government communication strategies to the crisis and assess the treatment and approaches news from three newspapers about the events concerning the public agenda. The analysis has focused on three states of the central-south of Mexico.

An Empirical Study on the Cadre Responsibility System of Local Government in China

Based on nationally representative panel data, this paper examines the content and evolution of China＇s cadre responsibility system at county-township and township- village levels. Our findings suggest that, with abolition of agricultural tax, there has been a series of changes in the focus of evaluation both at county-township and township-village levels. In county-township evaluation system, importance of economic development and social stability grew but fiscal pressure did not weaken; while in township-village system, original indicator of fiscal pressure became less important. Meanwhile, by enhancing ＂veto＂ indicator of evaluation on village cadres, township government attempted to cascade the pressure of social stability to village administration. Although central government has initiated a series of reforms on agriculture, countryside and farmers, county and township governments did not pay more attention to rural infrastructure. In addition, county government paid less and less attention to farmers＇ income growth.

The Harmony Concept between Government Program and Community Need to Achieve Sustainability

The background of research was conditions of settlement in slum area at Tallo which are most apprehensive; lack of facilities, the houses made of flammable materials, and some criminal action occurred in the density settlement. Upgrading Programs has been twice implemented in this area. However, those have the same aim, to improve street and drainage condition around the area. The different between of them is the using of material which are the first program used asphalt as street cover material and the second one used paving blok. Although the upgrading programs had done, the condition of the settlement did not improve significantly. The problems in settlement were not only leak in infrastructure condition and needs, but also lake of community welfare, unemployment, housing conditions, and the existence of the warehouses in the settlement. The flood problems also appeared in this area which closed with the water channel to the city disposal channel so when rainy season, the area is always flooded and enter into the entrance of the houses. The objective of this research was to find the root of the problems and find good solutions for the environment and how to meet the major needs of the settlement upgrading program into the local community point of view. Field research and questioners was conducted as research method to the research objectivities in the needs of community for good environment. Furthermore, the data from the field research was analyzed by making synchronization with the theory of environmental sustainability. Results from this research showed the comparison study between first and the last condition of the settlement area which had the upgrading program implementation. These findings could provide a new guideline for the government in policy related to slum upgrading.

Think Tanks in the United States： The Evolution and Evolving Roles

Think tanks as an important force in the policy making field in the United States have strengthened their visibility and expanded their influence in recent decades. This paper contends that the historical and political climate of the United States has fostered the development of think tanks and they will continue to exert their influence in the policy making field of the United States. It mainly examines the history of American think tanks and the roles they have been performing during more than one hundred years＇ evolution. In the twenty-first century, in a more and more flattering world, policy issues become increasingly complicated, therefore think tanks are indeed fixtures of American policy making scene. They play six major roles （1） source for policy idea; （2） venue for communicating and initiating new policy ideas; （3） source for personnel; （4） educating and informing the public; （5） evaluator of government policies; and （6） Track lI diplomacy.

The research on the standard and measure of the efficiency of the generalization performance of privatization of public utilities

The transformation of the development China＇s privatization of city public utilities？ vigorously promote the government function, however, the relative monopoly administrative operation system, functions decentralized system of government regulation and legal system construction is lagging behind, can making the privatization process easily lead to the emergence of efficient generalization, must be identified and avoided. This paper presents efficient generalization of privatization of public utility of our country city in measure, and analyzes the performance efficiency of the three resulting generalization.

Housing Policies in Turkey： Evolution of TOKI （Governmental Mass Housing Administration） as an Urban Design Tool

With the mission of absorption of the capital through urban renovation, AKP （the Justice and Welfare Party） took over the metropolitan municipality administrations in big cities in 1995, and the Government of the Republic of Turkey in 2002. Together with the 2003 Mass Housing Act, 14 legal regulations were enacted between 2002 and 2008 to expand the field of activity and increase the funds of TOKI （Governmental Mass Housing Administration） which was already established during ANAP （the Motherland Party） Government in 1980s. As a result of those regulations, TOKI, as the ＂latest goddess of the construction myth＂, became the only authorized organization in the field of housing and land production in AKP＇s cities. It acquired new duties from generating profit-oriented projects to protecting historical texture, and it was authorized to make and approve zoning plans for the lands and plots handed over to TOKI of the last government （the Justice and Welfare Party） created as an investor-entrepreneur-contractor-performer group. This paper＇s aim is to indicate the transformation of TOKI foundation during the last twenty years, and also to prove that TOKI, as a governmental profit-oriented design tool, has demolished the unique DNA/morphological textures of the contemporary Turkish big cities by producing low profiled similar architecture and urbanity in the recent past.

The Drive to Develop China＇s West： An Inclusive Perspective

Since the launching of the western regional development program in 1999, the Chinese government has implemented a series of policy measures related to finance, taxation, investment, banking, and other related fields. This combination of policies has stimulated socioeconomic growth and ecological improvement in China＇s western regions and has effectively curbed the runaway gap between the east and west, even causing the gap to begin shrinking gradually. However, it should be noted that the development gap between China＇s eastern and western regions remains significant, as demonstrated by the west＇s low level of industrial^commercial development, local governments＇ limited capacity to provide public services, and endemic rural poverty. Thus, achieving the targets outlined in the western regional development program remains a challenging task. In the future, China＇s western development program should emphasize a higher standard of living and coordinated, inclusive growth across regions.

Research on the path of building a good Party conduct since the reform and opening up

The construction of the good Party conduct is a great project for the Chinese Communist Party to realize its great dream and realistic pursuit. Since the reform and opening up, the four generations of the leading collectives have emphasized the focus of the construction of the Party conduct from the unique perspectives, promoted the standardization of the ＂institutional construction＂, promoted the construction of the ＂two major issues＂ to be scientific, and promoted the construction of＂anti-corruption and building a clean government＂ in detail. Since entering the new era ofXi Jinping, the new central leadership collective, on the basis of inheriting both the existing ideas and the existing achievements, puts forward the new problems of ＂four winds＂, explores the new paths, depicts the new blueprint including the ideal beliefs, the leadership power and the long effect mechanisms, and transforms them into the practical actions, to promote the construction of the new development of the Socialist Party conduct with Chinese characteristics.

Explore economic restructuring Institutional Analysis based on the urban-rural dual economic structure

China＇ s urban and rural economic and social structures are persisted, perfectly shaped, very typical. Since the new century, the Chinese government began to adjust serious distorted urban-rural relations. New rural construction, total abolition of agricultural tax, the construction of modern agriculture and other major strategic decisions have been introduced; free compulsory education in rural areas, the new rural cooperative medical care, rural public infrastructure, cultural services and other specific measures have been rolled out building. But these still can not slow down our growing urban-rural gap, China＇ s economic and social development is still running under the urban and rural pattern, and the trend has increased.

The Endowment Culture Construction under the Perspective of Government

As the aging population increasingly accelerates, the construction of the endowment culture has been putting on the agenda. In fact, the endowment culture plays an irreplaceable part in the social old-age care system. In the period of social transition, the excellent traditional old-age pension culture is destroyed, which makes the cultivation of the old-age social fashion imminent. The atmosphere of respecting the old and establishing a harmonious generation relationship is an important cultural guarantee to establish ＂five old＂ and build a harmonious society, in which our country or government bears inescapable responsibilities.

Study on the Guarantee Mechanism for the Construction of Government Public Culture Service System

The design and study on the construction of government public culture service system have been commenced since 2010 in China, aiming at exploring the construction models of government public culture service system in central China, east China, west China, and urban and rural areas, and researching effective measures. As a result, the study of the guarantee mechanism for the construction of government public culture service system can be promoted. In this paper, the main contents of the construction of government public culture service system, the construction significance, and the construction＇s guarantee mechanism are studied and discussed emphatically.

Status and Outlook of Shale Gas Development in China

Commercial shale gas production has been rapidly realized in China following a short learning period. Shale gas production is expected to reach 4.5bcm by the end of 2015, with the construction of a 7.5 bcm production capacity. Over 700 shale gas wells have been drilled in China, mostly by the three state-owned oil companies. The most significant factors that led to the rapid shale gas development in China include the abundant shale gas resources, a relatively complete R＆D system, and strong support from various stakeholders （the central and local governments, oil companies, and the general public）. China has a long way to go for building a booming shale gas industry, because of many big obstacles in the way of shale gas development, including complex geology, high operation costs, incomplete infrastructure and technology constraints. Looking ahead, however, there are firm grounds for the projection of a bright prospect of China＇s shale gas industry , as a 20 bcm annual shale gas production is reasonably expected in 2020.

Research on the Positioning of Government Functions in China under the Background of Smart City Construction

In the process of smart city construction, Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen and some other cities are facing many problems, among which the most essential one is the government＇ s leading role cannot give a better play due to the constraints of the traditional government functions. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out a reasonable position for the government functions in the construction of smart city. This paper issues that the government should reflect functions in the construction of smart city, such as the planning function of top-level design and unified planning; the organizational function of providing funds and talent protection; the coordinating function of promoting multiple-subject cooperation; the controlling function of establishing technical standards and legal norms.

Utilization Pattern of Olympic Parks and Its Application in Beijing

With great promotion of mega-events in both quantities and qualities in China, the research of Mega-events has been increased. As a global hallmark event, the Olympics, with their enormous scale, universal attraction for the media and tremendous political significance, have increasingly drawn attention from the researchers. It is obvious that Beijing has been greatly impacted by the 2008 Olympic Games as the host. The event aroused close attention of researchers, especially the problem how the Olympic stadiums and facilities can be utilized after Olympic Games. The paper employed 3 methods to conduct a survey, that is, sending questionnaires to tourists, in- terviewing with government officers, and collecting information about former Olympic Parks from Intemet and lit- eratures. The utilization of former Olympic Parks after Games was summarized and some experiences were refined. Besides, 3 main bodies including government, business operators and visitors which formed basic driving forces to influence the park＇s use were analyzed. At the same time, the paper believes that 3 topics affect the park＇s utilization involving ＇prepare to use＇, ~how to use it＇ and ~how to manage it＇, and Beijing Olympic Park can also follow that thinking and reference in the ft^her practices. Based on it, suggestions are given that Beijing Olympic Park can be planned spatially from 3 layers, the point, line and area, based on their function and infrastructure in the Games, and the area would be shaped as a new urban center with multi-functions while Mega-events and sport events are still the main content of the park.

Determinants of Joint Venture Performance in Cambodia

This study reviews important variables related to joint venture performance and identifies the key determinants of joint venture performance in Cambodia. A model of joint venture performance in Cambodia is proposed and tested. Finally guidelines for successful joint venture performance in Cambodia are proposed. Based on a study of 62 firms and interviews with 19 joint venture mangers and government officers, it was found that the most important factors driving the formation of a joint venture included access to an emerging new market, utilization of abundant and cheap labor, and existence of government incentives. The most serious obstacles to joint venture performance in Cambodia were corruption, lack of physical infrastructure, bureaucracy, and competition from a black market and smuggling. For the results indicate there are significant correlations between performance and trust, control, commitment, and ownership. Suggested guidelines to improve joint venture performance in Cambodia are proposed.

Local Community Participation in Homestay Program Development in Malaysia

The tourism industry is the second largest economic contributor in Malaysia, following the manufacturing sector. In 2008, recorded tourist arrivals reached 22.05 million and resulted in RM49.6 billion （USD13.4 billion） in revenue. The government has recognized the tourism industry in Malaysia as an engine for economic, social, political and ecological development, especially in rural areas. The Homestay Program is actively promoted by the Ministry of Tourism as a type of community based tourism in Malaysia. It is realized by the government as a catalyst for rural community development, particularly from a socio-economic perspective. The benefits of community based tourism can be further developed through the participation of women, youth and retired people. To realize the potential of the Homestay Program, the Malaysian Rural Tourism Master Plan 2001 was formulated. In the Malaysian Plan （2006-2010）, one of the points of focus by the government is on community development; rural tourism is one of the mechanisms. By June 2009, there had been 3,264 participants in 140 Homestays. Recently, the Ministry of Tourism has given the Homestay Program special emphasis. Under the 9th Malaysia Plan, a total of RM40 million was allocated to the ministry for upgrading infrastructure and facilities in participating villages. Developing the capabilities of local communities is an important component in ensuring the tourism development project benefits them; without supporting the communities in their endeavors, the physical development means nothing to them. If local communities are not equipped to actively participate, third parties could easily manipulate them, resulting in external domination of tourism development. Therefore, this descriptive study explores the motivation of local communities involved in the Homestay Program and the readiness among the local communities, as well as the appropriateness of training provided by government agencies aimed towards empowering local communities. Sixty-two respondents from local communities actively involved in operating the Homestay Program participated in this study. Respondents were from the district of Muar, Johore, Malaysia （Homestay Kg. Parit Bugis, Homestay Kg. Satang Buaya, and Homestay Kg. Melayu Baharu, Bt 28 Lenga）.

Rational Analysis of Management Accounting Implementation in China＇s Government Units

The implementation of management accounting in China＇s government units is an inevitable requirement of economic development and the important deployment of efficient government establishment. Up to now, China has made a lot of theoretical explorations and tried about management accounting practice in government units. But in practice, there are still some shortcomings. Therefore, based on the thought of Accounting Research Methodology written by Professor Lu Yonghua, this article carries out a comprehensive, systematic, in-depth and concrete study on the implementation of management accounting in China＇s government units. This paper argues that there are some deficiencies in management accounting practice, including lack of a complete government management accounting system, the failure of combining management accounting implementation with specific national conditions, limitations of government management accounting itself, resistance existing in government management accounting implementation, and the low quality of management accounting practitioners. In this regard, this research paper learns from foreign experience and puts forward some corresponding improvement suggestions from the perspective of legislation, empirical research, information construction, education investment and so on.