This paper analyses the system of artistic and ideological conditioning that architects were subject to during the Portuguese fascism, the so-called ＂New State＂, the longest western European dictatorship of the prev...This paper analyses the system of artistic and ideological conditioning that architects were subject to during the Portuguese fascism, the so-called ＂New State＂, the longest western European dictatorship of the previous century, that lasted from 1933 to 1974, under the uninterrupted leadership of Ant6nio de Oliveira Salazar until 1968. After a concise exposition of the importance of a major public work campaign to the regime affirmation as well as the aesthetic discourse promoted in its architecture, the standard course of a building project evaluation will be described. Crossing varied legislation and taking into consideration the results of a thorough examination to more than one hundred processes of architectural plans approval, the interaction of the various decision-making bodies will illustrate the existence of an efficient apparatus which progressively depurate designs. Prevention and repression of artistic deviation will be demonstrated. Furthermore, the development and importance of self-censorship will be highlighted. Secondly, a characterization of the atmosphere of ideological surveillance and dissident＇s oppression will be provided. Architects＇ participation in opposition＇s initiatives and strategies will be portrayed. As a conclusion, New State practice of a negotiation and inclusion （both artistic and ideological） tactic in the architectural field will be underlined.展开更多
Based on some former studies of Chinese rural society, this paper summerizes the achievements and limitations of general Chinese rural studies and then proposes a social operation model in rural areas which is dominat...Based on some former studies of Chinese rural society, this paper summerizes the achievements and limitations of general Chinese rural studies and then proposes a social operation model in rural areas which is dominated by the squires. It uses some specific historical data and discoveries of feild sduty to further examine the profound influence of the squires on rural politcal construction in three different aspects： the model of clan and religion, the role as inter-mediator and the growth of basic armed forces. The study found that this special social group played a center role in Chinese rural political system from ancient to modem times, particularly, the research considers the decline of the squire society since the establishment of the new government in 1949. In the end, this paper points out the cultural guiding significance of this social model in the study to the rural construction in contemporay China by predicting the possiblity of renaissance展开更多
文摘This paper analyses the system of artistic and ideological conditioning that architects were subject to during the Portuguese fascism, the so-called ＂New State＂, the longest western European dictatorship of the previous century, that lasted from 1933 to 1974, under the uninterrupted leadership of Ant6nio de Oliveira Salazar until 1968. After a concise exposition of the importance of a major public work campaign to the regime affirmation as well as the aesthetic discourse promoted in its architecture, the standard course of a building project evaluation will be described. Crossing varied legislation and taking into consideration the results of a thorough examination to more than one hundred processes of architectural plans approval, the interaction of the various decision-making bodies will illustrate the existence of an efficient apparatus which progressively depurate designs. Prevention and repression of artistic deviation will be demonstrated. Furthermore, the development and importance of self-censorship will be highlighted. Secondly, a characterization of the atmosphere of ideological surveillance and dissident＇s oppression will be provided. Architects＇ participation in opposition＇s initiatives and strategies will be portrayed. As a conclusion, New State practice of a negotiation and inclusion （both artistic and ideological） tactic in the architectural field will be underlined.
文摘Based on some former studies of Chinese rural society, this paper summerizes the achievements and limitations of general Chinese rural studies and then proposes a social operation model in rural areas which is dominated by the squires. It uses some specific historical data and discoveries of feild sduty to further examine the profound influence of the squires on rural politcal construction in three different aspects： the model of clan and religion, the role as inter-mediator and the growth of basic armed forces. The study found that this special social group played a center role in Chinese rural political system from ancient to modem times, particularly, the research considers the decline of the squire society since the establishment of the new government in 1949. In the end, this paper points out the cultural guiding significance of this social model in the study to the rural construction in contemporay China by predicting the possiblity of renaissance
