传统政治文化视角下的政治灾难剖析

翻阅中国古代史,不难发现其众多的政治灾难。造成这些政治灾难的原因是多方面的,也是极其复杂的。文化虽然无无形,但却深深地影响和制约着我们的思维方式和行为模式。因此,以传统政治文化作为切入点,剖析历代政治灾难产生的深层原因,具有更为有效的历史意义和现实价值。一方面有助于我们重新审视历代政治灾难本身;另一方面使我们更加重视传统政治文化。

灾难政治学:灾难治理及其异质性效应

随着人类社会迈入风险社会,国家和社会面临的人为或自然原因的灾难日益增加。然而,相似的灾难在不同国家和社会却会带来不同后果。那么,是什么因素导致灾难治理的异质性结果?一般而言,灾难治理的异质性效应受到国家能力、国家社会关系和政府质量的影响。其中,在国家能力维度,国家的汲取能力、强制能力和再分配能力有助于提升国家的灾难治理水平;在国家社会关系维度,社会自治和社会融洽有助于增强整体灾难应对能力和避免极端后果;在政府质量维度,应急管理和信息公开的制度运行对于灾难应对发挥关键作用。基于国家能力和国家社会关系两个维度,可以构建灾难治理异质性效应的类型学分析框架,将灾难治理的政治效应进一步区分为支持增强型、社会弥合型、制度重构型和秩序动荡型。灾难政治学既为灾难研究提供理论视角,也为现实世界中政府与社会有效应对灾难提供理论依据。

Political Implications of Emergency Management

This paper will review three broad types of political implications of emergency management, since historically emergency management was considered only a function of law enforcement and fire departments, with the support in the event of a major catastrophe from public health and civil defense organizations. The issue is not whether governments will be required to respond to emergencies but rather when and how frequently. The time to think about emergencies is before they happen. Despite some significant weakness in the overall approach, political implications offer many benefits and provide various options for CDCs （community development corporations） to get involved in disaster recovery and emergency management. Based upon a generally positive evaluation, the paper concludes that emergency management must become a central activity, whether at the federal, state, or local or as an intergovernmental activity. Hopefully for the future the government does not have to wait for a disaster to strike for one to put a policy into place, since they have had several to occur over decades. The government should be ready to take on any disaster if it occurs with the following policies and procedures that are in place.