不动产物权变动制度中登记效力模式的本土选择——从法理学视角研究下的启示

本文以法理学的基本原理为参照系 ,运用法律实证分析、法律社会学、法律本土论等基本方法 ,抓住目前我国不动产物权变动制度中的问题症结所在 ,试图突破前人研究的基本框架 。

金融合同中破产约定变更条款的效力模式研究

破产约定变更条款是指以合同一方破产的发生为生效条件,导致该方基于合同享有的某项权利发生转移的附条件生效条款。鉴于该类条款的设置能够在交易一方破产的情况下事先做出变更安排从而有效地降低交易风险,增强一方破产后合同的可预见性,因而被作为一种风险防范机制引入合同之中,尤其是具有高风险性的金融合同中。受金融合同特殊性的影响,该条款的效力情况不仅对破产债务人、债权人以及交易第三人的私人利益产生重大影响,而且会对整个金融交易和市场经济造成冲击。一方面,该条款直接涉及到合同双方的权利义务再分配,直接或间接影响合同的利益相关人,引发多方主体之间的利益冲突;另一方面,由于金融合同的高传导性和高传染性,金融市场牵一发而动全身的特点,金融合同一方的破产本身及破产后的权利安排都可能造成金融市场的蝴蝶效应。从全球范围来看,目前对该类条款的效力不论在学界还是司法实践中都在重大分歧;从我国相关实践与理论研究来看,我国对该类条款的效力没有明确的立法规定,国内学者的相关研究也寥寥无几。综上,笔者认为有必要对该类条款的效力进行研究并尝试构建该条款在我国适用的总体效力模式。本文从破产约定变更条款的性质和特点出发,分析在金融合同的语境下该条款的特殊之处以及其引发的利益冲突问题,在考察了解决该利益冲突的不同效力选择模式的优势和劣势后,对我国在金融合同中破产约定变更条款的效力模式提出建议。除去引言与结论,本文的主体内容共分为四个部分。第一部分主要介绍金融合同中破产约定变更条款的性质和特点。首先就破产约定变更条款本身的概念、属性、特征进行分析,再将破产约定变更条款放入金融合同的背景之下考察该条款的特殊性,最后通过与相关概念的比较进一步阐明破产约定变更条款的范围,从多角度分析该破产约定变更条款,进而明确本文的研究对象及其独特之处。第二部分在明确研究对象及其性质、特点的基础上,着重介绍金融合同中破产约定变更条款的有效与否所引发的不同三方主体间的利益冲突问题。首先考察在破产约定变更条款不存在或无效的情况下三方的利益分配情况,再假设存在破产约定变更条款且该条款有效的情况下三方的利益分配情况,对比在该条款适用与不适用之间三方利益分配的巨大差异,据此得出在破产约定变更条款效力不定的情况下极易造成权利双方倾向利己解释条款而引发的强烈利益冲突。在对可能引发的利益冲突进行理论分析的基础上通过两则案例考察三方利益冲突的现实表现,引出针对该条款效力不确定引发的利益冲突如何协调的问题。第三部分在面对金融合同中破产约定变更条款涉及利益冲突的基础上,借鉴国外经验,分析三种金融合同中破产约定变更条款效力选择模式的优点和缺点。针对前一部分中提到的金融合同中破产约定变更条款涉及到的利益冲突问题,提出三种协调冲突的解决方式,并对三种效力模式的优点和缺点进行分析。三种协调冲突的解决方式分别为:一般无效模式、概括否定模式、列举否定模式。其中,概括否定模式、列举否定模式同属于一般有效模式。第四部分在借鉴已有的金融合同中破产约定变更条款效力模式的基础上,结合我国的价值取向和现实情况,对我国金融合同中破产约定变更条款的效力模式提出立法建议。首先分析了我国现有立法对破产约定条款规定的不足,阐明我国立法对此的条款规定的建立和完善的必要性;其次分析总结我国在多重利益冲突的价值取向和现实国情;最后结合我国的价值取向和现实情况,建议我国应当对破产约定变更条款建立修正的一般无效模式。

试论我国房地产权属登记的效力

从不动产登记制度的基本理论出发,结合我国目前房地产登记制度的立法和司法实践,以及我国目前已经修订了的《物权法》中对不动产登记效力的立法模式,说明了我国房地产权属登记的效力。

论不动产物权登记之效力

不动产物权登记效力是物权法中一个基本问题,也是未来不动产登记法中应该明晰的一个基本问题,本文分析了不动产物权登记性质,并对不动产物权登记效力立法例模式进行比较,对我国不动产物权登记效力和登记价值进行了探讨。

论农村土地承包经营权信托登记制度

土地承包经营权信托登记,是为了解决土地承包经营权已被信托的事实的信息披露问题而建立的信托管理制度,具有确权、公示公信、便于管理等功能。信托法第10条是关于信托登记制度的原则性规定,但缺乏应有的可操作性。文章从信托登记制度的主体(登记义务人、申请人、登记机关)、登记的内容以及登记的效力模式等方面,比较全面地探讨了土地承包经营权信托登记制度,建议制定与土地承包经营权信托登记相配套的法律法规,汲取域外信托法律制度的精华,树立全新的信托文化理念,在全面考量各方利益基础之上,构建合理且具操作性的土地承包经营权信托登记制度。

自我交易型代理权滥用行为的认定及效力分析

与无权代理中代理人没有代理权或者超越代理权不同的是,代理权滥用是代理人在没有超越代理权的前提下,违反勤勉义务或忠实义务且损害被代理人利益的一种失范行为。代理人自我交易并不必然构成代理权滥用,因此,只有对符合代理权滥用构成要件的自我交易行为才有予以特别规制的必要。自我交易型滥用与恶意串通型滥用并无本质不同。对于自我交易型代理权滥用行为的效力模式而言,可撤销比效力待定更为可取。可撤销模式的合理性在于:一是可撤销模式更加契合私法自治的民法理念;二是可撤销模式更加符合自我交易型代理权滥用的内部结构;三是可撤销模式并不折损代理法制度的逻辑自洽。

第三人欺诈民事行为研究

第三人欺诈问题理应适用于所有有相对人的法律行为。这里"第三人"范围要有所限制,应根据个案的具体情况,在考虑公平性和利益归属基础上加以确定。现行法律框架下,比照我国法律行为中的错误制度无法对受欺诈人提供充分救济。未来民法典应借鉴《德国民法典》所采纳的效力模式,在相对人知道或应当知道第三人欺诈事由情形下,赋予受欺诈人意思表示撤销权。

公司决议行为的双阶构造及其效力评价模式

公司决议行为性质上为法律行为,内在构造呈现为双阶结构,即个体法层面的各表决权人的意思表示、以及团体法层面的法律行为。决议效力评价应分阶段进行,第一阶段考察各项意思表示的品质,主要涉及行为能力、虚伪表示、欺诈、胁迫等类型。第二阶段考察团体法层面的法律行为效力,主要是合法性和妥当性控制以及程序瑕疵的评价。第一阶段不考虑合法性和妥当性问题,第二阶段则不考虑意思瑕疵问题。这样的双阶评价模式,构造清晰且具有可操作性,既保障了决议的自治基础,也为合法性、妥当性及程序性控制安排了合理的位置。

Influence of Device Narrowing on HALO-pMOSFETs' Degradation Under V_g= V_d/2 Stress Mode

The degradation characteristics of both wide and narrow devices under V _g= V _d/2 stress mode is investigated.The width-enhanced device degradation can be seen with devices narrowing.The main degradation mechanism is interface state generation for pMOSFETs with different channel width.The cause of the width-enhanced device degradation is attributed to the combination of width-enhanced threshold voltage and series resistance.

连带债务部分免除涉他效力规则的解释论展开

为统一对于连带债务部分免除涉他效力的不同认识与裁判差异,《民法典》第520条第2款采纳了限制绝对效力模式,在尊重当事人真实意思的基础上实现对连带债务各方当事人的利益平衡,从而克服绝对效力模式偏向于维护其他连带债务人利益以及相对效力模式偏向于维护债权人利益的不足。被免除债务的债务人应向债权人正确披露其在连带债务内部应承担的份额,否则构成对债权人的欺诈,债权人可援引《民法典》第148条撤销部分免除的法律行为;即便债权人未行使撤销权,被免除债务的债务人也应承担其对债权人造成的信赖利益损失。债权人和被免除债务的债务人还负有将免除事项向其他连带债务人通知的义务,以避免其他连带债务人在不知情的情况下多余清偿。此外,债权人对部分债务人免除债务的行为,并不会对其他连带债务人产生诉讼时效中断的效力,对此可类推适用《民法典担保制度解释》第29条第2款的规定。

Seismic reliability analysis of shield tunnel faces under multiple failure modes by pseudo-dynamic method and response surface method

In order to investigate the stability problem of shield tunnel faces subjected to seismic loading,the pseudodynamic method(P-DM)was employed to analyze the seismic effect on the face.Two kinds of failure mechanisms of active collapse and passive extrusion were considered,and a seismic reliability model of shield tunnel faces under multifailure mode was established.The limit analysis method and the response surface method(RSM)were used together to solve the reliability of shield tunnel faces subjected to seismic action.Comparing with existing results,the results of this work are effective.The effects of seismic load and rock mass strength on the collapse pressure,extrusion pressure and reliability index were discussed,and reasonable ranges of support pressure of shield tunnel faces under seismic action were presented.This method can provide a new idea for solving the shield thrust parameter under the seismic loading.

Experimental research on ultimate bearing capacity of grouted-round-steel-tube N-joint

As an important structural member in self-supporting concrete floor during construction,encased steel truss-concrete composite beam has brilliant prospect in outer-jacketing structures for adding stories or mega frame structures.Compared with encased angle truss,encased round steel tube truss can facilitate layout of itself in column and facilitate layout and anchorage of prestressed reinforcement placed horizontally.N-joint is wildly used in encased steel truss.For cave-in failure easily occurs in hollow steel-tube joint,the idea that the chord is grouted to increase cave-in bearing capacity of hollow tube is proposed.Test results of 8 grouted-round-steel-tube N-joints from the beginning of loading to failure are reported.Mechanical property and failure mode of this kind of truss joint are analyzed,and the formulas of ultimate bearing capacity of the joint corresponding to different failure modes are established.All these can provide basic data for spreading encased steel truss-concrete composite beam.

Properties of failure mode and thermal damage for limestone at high temperature

The mechanical properties of limestone such as the stress-strain curve, the variable characteristics of peak strength and the modulus of elasticity of limestone were studied under the action of temperatures ranging from room temperature to 800 °C.Our results show that:1) the temperature has not clear effect on the mechanical properties of limestone from room temperature to 600 °C.However, the mechanical properties of limestone deteriorate rapidly when the temperature is above 600 °C.In this case, the peak stress and modulus of elasticity decrease rapidly.When the temperature reaches 800 °C, the entire process, showing the stress-strain curve is displayed indicating an obvious state of plastic-deformation;2) the failure mode of limestone shows the breakdown of tensile strength from room temperature to 600 °C, as well as the compress shearing damage over 600 °C;3) combining our test results with the concept of thermal damage, a thermal damage equation was derived.

Nonlinear finite-element-based structural system failure probability analysis methodology for gravity dams considering correlated failure modes

The structural system failure probability(SFP) is a valuable tool for evaluating the global safety level of concrete gravity dams.Traditional methods for estimating the failure probabilities are based on defined mathematical descriptions,namely,limit state functions of failure modes.Several problems are to be solved in the use of traditional methods for gravity dams.One is how to define the limit state function really reflecting the mechanical mechanism of the failure mode;another is how to understand the relationship among failure modes and enable the probability of the whole structure to be determined.Performing SFP analysis for a gravity dam system is a challenging task.This work proposes a novel nonlinear finite-element-based SFP analysis method for gravity dams.Firstly,reasonable nonlinear constitutive modes for dam concrete,concrete/rock interface and rock foundation are respectively introduced according to corresponding mechanical mechanisms.Meanwhile the response surface(RS) method is used to model limit state functions of main failure modes through the Monte Carlo(MC) simulation results of the dam-interface-foundation interaction finite element(FE) analysis.Secondly,a numerical SFP method is studied to compute the probabilities of several failure modes efficiently by simple matrix integration operations.Then,the nonlinear FE-based SFP analysis methodology for gravity dams considering correlated failure modes with the additional sensitivity analysis is proposed.Finally,a comprehensive computational platform for interfacing the proposed method with the open source FE code Code Aster is developed via a freely available MATLAB software tool(FERUM).This methodology is demonstrated by a case study of an existing gravity dam analysis,in which the dominant failure modes are identified,and the corresponding performance functions are established.Then,the dam failure probability of the structural system is obtained by the proposed method considering the correlation relationship of main failure modes on the basis of the mechanical mechanism analysis with the MC-FE simulations.

Strength failure and crack coalescence behavior of sandstone containing single pre-cut fissure under coupled stress, fluid flow and changing chemical environment

In order to study the strength failure and crack coalescence characteristics of cracked rocks, uniaxial compression experiments were conducted on cylindrical sandstone specimens, sampled from Longyou Grottoes of Zhejiang Province, China, with a single pre-cut crack soaking in different chemical solutions. Based on the results of uniaxial compressive test under different chemical solutions and velocities of flow, the effect of strength and deformation characteristics and main modes of crack coalescence for cracked rocks under chemical corrosion were analyzed. The results show that the pH value and velocity of the chemical solutions both have great influence on the sandstone sample's uniaxial compressive strength and deformation characteristics. Cracked sandstone samples are tension-destructed under uniaxial compression, and the crack propagation directions are consistent with the loading direction. The phenomena of crack initiation, propagation and coalescence of sandstone are well observed. Four different crack types are identified based on the crack propagation mechanism by analyzing the ultimate failure modes of sandstone containing a single pre-cut fissure. The failure process of specimen in air is similar with the specimen under chemical solutions, however, the initial time of crack occuring in specimen under chemical solutions is generally earlier than that in the natural specimen, and the crack propagation and coalescence process of specimen under chemical solutions are longer than those of the natural specimen due to softening of structure of rock caused by hydro-chemical action. Immersion velocity of flow and chemical solutions does not have influence on the ultimate modes of crack coalescence.

Classification of microseismic events in high stress zone

For the purpose of having a better understanding of failure mechanisms of rock fracturing in mines, the equivalent point source models of tensile, shear and explosive seismic events were established, and the relationship between far-field seismic displacements of the waves and the corresponding equivalent forces were analyzed as well. Based on the results of a microseismic monitoring carried out in the mining progress of 9202 working face under the upper remnant coal pillar in Sanhejian Mine, the waveform features of the seismic events associated with different failure modes were further analyzed. The results show that the signals corresponding to different failure mechanisms have different radiation patterns of the seismic displacements, and different characteristics in waveform features, such as dominant frequency, energy released, the ratio of S- to P-wave energy, and so on. In addition, the rock burst happened in the high stress zone is mainly the result of the strong shear fracturing in the mining process. The results of this study have significantly improved the understanding of the characteristics of the failures associated with underground mining, and will greatly benefit the prevention and control of rock burst hazards in burst-prone mines.

Experimental Analysis of Mechanical Behavior of Lintels with Murfor Reinforcement in Structural Masonry

The main goal of this study is analysis the mechanical behavior, failure mode and deflections of masonry beams lintels when subjected to concentrated loading. Walls were built using hollow clay blocks, using horizontal reinforcement on bed joint, and using of Murfor steel reinforcement. The conclusions of this work was： at middle of span, the load and displacement results present a linear behavior until failure; there two regions of failure, the region ＂A＂ presents the association of crushing and the region ＂B＂ shows the shear stress between block and mortar; the visual analysis of experimental tests shows the lost of adhesion between the mortar joint and blocks. It was not observed cracks on the mid-span produced by bending; it is possible to detach that the use of plane truss in Brazil as technological alternative is feasible and makes the masonry walls execution more rational, increasing the velocity of production.

Research on Effectiveness of Ideological and Political Education Research in We-media age

Self-media era of ideological and political education is facing new challenges： educators and educational object on gaining information changes reversibly, which challenged ＂teachers are＂ authority; the object of education is increasingly showing a strong ＂treasonable＂ , which is challenging the current ideological and political education model; fission dissemination of information is challenging the ideological and political education. We should give up the identity of the authority, and reshape the image of contemporary educators, we should innovate way of ideological and political education, building a network of new model of ideological and political is to deal with the challenges from the media, it＇ s an important means of improving the ideological and political implementation.

Sealing Ability of Spherical Hull Transfer Skirts

An improved spherical, movable transfer skirt for autonomous submersibles has been devised. It was designed to permit the transfer of equipment and personnel from a submersible to the pressure chamber of an oil storage sea-bed structure. It also allowed mating at large vertical angles while the submersible remained horizontal. Seal failure modes and procedures for analyzing the sealing ability of the mating flange of the hull transfer skirt were thoroughly analyzed using conservative estimation methods. In the analysis, sea currents and mating angles were considered. Results showed that when considering the effects of currents, spherical radius and mating angle, their influence on seal ring failure should be considered first. The critical mating depth for a seal ring failure was larger than for either sliding or rotational failure modes. The critical mating depth can be used to determine the mating method of the submersible. The analytical procedures and results can be used as a reference for the design of spherical hull transfer skirts.

所有权变动模式下无权处分问题研究——以机动车所有权变动模式的重新选择为背景

无权处分问题困扰我国理论界及实务界数十年载,至今争议颇大。本文拟在考察不同物权变动立法模式下无权处分行为效力之基础上,对我国学界关于无权处分行为效力的不同论点予以解析,进而以机动车所有权变动为研究对象,提出我国无权处分行为之效力模式。研究认为,我国机动车所有权变动模式理应采债权形式主义的立法模式,在该模式下,无论买受人是善意抑或恶意,无权处分行为即债权合同行为均采用有效性模式。