社会判断中的样例激活效应

初步考察了社会判断过程中样例激活效应存在的条件、作用、强度和指向。被试为西北师范大学教育科学学院心理系 2年级学生 16 0人。实验结果表明 :(1)样例激活效应在强启动和弱启动条件下都存在 ,而且表现为同化效应。 (2 )在强启动条件下 ,样例激活效应表现强烈。进一步讲 ,正、反样例对高、低效价的靶子都有同化效应 ,但正面样例对低效价靶子的效应更强 ;而反面样例对高效价靶子的效应更强。 (3)在弱启动条件下 ,样例效价和靶子效价共同影响着社会判断及其决策过程 ,样例激活效应明显弱化 ,具体表现为 :①样例激活仅对低效价靶子的判断影响显著 ,对高效价靶子影响不显著 ;②从具体样例对高、低效价靶子效应强度的比较看 ,正面样例对低效价靶子作用更强 ,反面样例只表现出略微差异。另外 ,“关联效应”会冲淡样例激活效应。

表征动量的朝向效应

本研究通过4个实验探索运动物体的朝向对表征动量的影响。4个实验均使用了2(朝向:正向vs.倒向)×2(运动方向:左vs.右/上vs.下)两因素实验设计。前3个实验使用不同的刺激材料进行水平方向的诱导运动,结果发现,正向运动的前移量大于倒向运动的前移量,但这种朝向效应仅仅作用于水平向右方向,即运动方向水平向左时朝向效应消失。实验4将运动方向改为垂直运动,结果发现,正向运动的前移量大于倒向运动的前移量,但这种朝向效应仅仅作用于垂直向下方向,即运动方向垂直向上时朝向效应消失。结论:朝向影响表征动量,但仅作用于水平向右和垂直向下方向上,前者可能和阅读习惯有关,后者可能和重力作用有关。

Equivalent strain hardening exponent of anisotropic materials based on spherical indentation response

Uniaxial strain hardening exponent is not suitable for describing the strain hardening behaviors of the anisotropic materials, especially when material deforms in the multi-axial stress states. In this work, a novel method was proposed to estimate the equivalent strain hardening exponent of anisotropic materials based on an equivalent energy method. By performing extensive finite element (FE) simulations of the spherical indentation on anisotropic materials, dimensionless function was proposed to correlate the strain hardening exponent of anisotropic materials with the indentation imprint parameters. And then, a mathematic expression on the strain hardening exponent of anisotropic materials with the indentation imprint was established to estimate the equivalent strain hardening exponent of anisotropic materials by directly solving this dimensionless function. Additionally, Meyer equation was modified to determine the yield stress of anisotropic materials. The effectiveness and reliability of the new method were verified by the numerical examples and by its application on the TC1M engineering material.