[Objective] The aim was to analyze economic benefits of rice farmers and influential factors in China. [Method] Based on data of rice production in 565 farm households in 2009, correlation analysis was conducted on ch...[Objective] The aim was to analyze economic benefits of rice farmers and influential factors in China. [Method] Based on data of rice production in 565 farm households in 2009, correlation analysis was conducted on characters of households, input/output of rice production, condition and environment of rice production, related policies and activities with SPSS. [Result] Yield per mu, production cost, and rice price were dominant factors influencing economic benefits of rice farmers; labor force in a household, training of rice cultivation, machine rice production and rice cropping had significant effects on benefits from rice production; area of rice, family educa- tion, on-time field management, site instruction, and demonstration fields all had in- significant effects on economic benefits of rice. In addition, suggestions were pro- posed about choice of production scale, implementation of rice policies, measures of subsidy, and purchase price of rice. [Conclusion] The research provides references for rice production and improvement of economic benefits of rice farmers.展开更多
There is evidence that the shipping industry could achieve energy efficiency gains through the implementation of new technologies, with considerable reductions of fuel costs and emissions to air in the sector. Althoug...There is evidence that the shipping industry could achieve energy efficiency gains through the implementation of new technologies, with considerable reductions of fuel costs and emissions to air in the sector. Although the cost reducing effects of some new technologies are well established, companies appear reluctant to innovate despite the financial and societal benefits, as a result of what is referred to as the energy efficiency gap. The global emission impacts of the shipping industry, most notably of greenhouse gases, sulphur and nitrogen oxides are increasingly attracting the attention of regulators, non-governmental organisations and the media, and shipping companies are under pressure to find new ways to reduce their emission footprint. Understanding the determinants of the energy efficiency gap in shipping is then critical in improving the environmental profile of the industry. This paper presents the results of a survey among Norwegian shipping companies aimed at gaining a better understanding of the barriers to implementation of new cost saving technologies. The paper assesses the technical barriers that have traditionally been indicated as the main cause of the energy efficiency gap in shipping. The paper results indicate that next to technical factors, important barriers are constituted also by managerial practices and legal constraints.展开更多
To evaluate the effectiveness and tolerability of a split-dose 2 L polyethylene glycol (PEG)/ascorbic acid (AA) regimen for healthy examinees who visited for comprehensive medical check-up in the early morning.METHODS...To evaluate the effectiveness and tolerability of a split-dose 2 L polyethylene glycol (PEG)/ascorbic acid (AA) regimen for healthy examinees who visited for comprehensive medical check-up in the early morning.METHODSFrom February 2015 to March 2015, examinees of average risk who were scheduled for a colonoscopy in the morning were retrospectively enrolled.RESULTSThe 189 examinees were divided into split-dose and non-split-dose groups. The adequacy of bowel preparation for the split-dose group vs the non-split-dose group was 96.8% vs 85.2%, respectively, P < 0.001, and the compliance of the last meal restriction was 74.6% vs 58.2%, respectively, P < 0.001. The sleep disturbance (P < 0.001) was more prevalent in the split-dose group, however the willingness to repeat the same preparation method (P = 0.243) was not different in both groups. The split-dose regimen was the most important factor influencing adequate bowel preparation in multivariate analysis (HR = 10.89, 95%CI: 6.53-18.17, P < 0.001).CONCLUSIONA split-dose regimen of 2 L PEG/AA for an early morning colonoscopy was more effective and showed better compliance for diet restriction without any difference in satisfaction and discomfort. Introducing a split-dose regimen of 2 L PEG/AA to morning colonoscopy examinees is effective and tolerable in a comprehensive medical check-up setting.展开更多
Circular economy （CE） has been put fonvard as an important environmental and resource strategy in China.Aiming at the high utilization rate of resources and reduction of pollutants,CE means to realize a shift of fun...Circular economy （CE） has been put fonvard as an important environmental and resource strategy in China.Aiming at the high utilization rate of resources and reduction of pollutants,CE means to realize a shift of fundamental paradigm.With the mode of production and consumption from linear to recycling model,the promotion requires transdisciplinary researches which integrate technological,ecological,social-cultural and other sciences.The present study focuses on the implementation of circular economy from an institutional perspective.Institution acts as a crucial factor by providing incentives for technical innovation,leading investment orientation and determining policy effectiveness,etc.This paper mainly discusses about： firstly,the feature of institution,institutional changes and institutional innovation is articulated,together with eco-industrial park strategy,extended producer＇s responsibility and dematerialization principle as innovative institutional arrangements; secondly,as policy plays great role on institutional changing process,the mechanism of policy implementation is needed to be related; as a result,coevolution of institutions and policies is thus presented; at last,a pilot attempt is made to find out some operational avenues in accomplishment of CE through both theoretical and practical methodology,special resolutions are put forward after some projecting difficulties and dilemmas in China are described.展开更多
As only about 15% of the total time of people in Hong Kong was spent outdoors, it would be more valuable if the associated effectiveness and impact of the recently proposed abatement measures could be expressed in ter...As only about 15% of the total time of people in Hong Kong was spent outdoors, it would be more valuable if the associated effectiveness and impact of the recently proposed abatement measures could be expressed in terms of the improvement in the total exposure levels. This paper uses an exposure assessment model developed from the local microenvironment concentration data together with our surveyed time activity patterns to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed air pollution abatement policy. Prior to the enforcement of abatement measures, about 2.5% of the young group and 1.2% of the adult group having their exposure levels exceeded that defined by the current 8-hour PM10 standard (180 μg/m3). With the enforcement of abatement measures, only 0.3% of the adult group would be restored to a safe level.展开更多
In despite of fluctuation in recent years, the grain yield in China has been increasing, which relieves the conflict between supply and demand and turns the situation of food security good. However, because of the rap...In despite of fluctuation in recent years, the grain yield in China has been increasing, which relieves the conflict between supply and demand and turns the situation of food security good. However, because of the rapid increase in food consumption, the conflicts of food quality and structure in the supply and demand equilibrium has become more and more obvious and the long-effective mechanism of food security has not been estab-lished yet. It is found that the factors affecting food security in China include the scarcity and dissipation of resources, farmers’ low enthusiasm in planting grain crops and the inappropriateness of the emphasis and measures of macro-economic regulation and control. Therefore, the authors advance to optimize resources allocation, strengthen macro-economic regulation and control and policy stimulation and establish the mechanism of allocating grain production cost, to set up the long-effective mechanism of China food security and keep it stable in the long term.展开更多
China MOC:steel prices to keep low in China China Ministry of Commerce expects domestic steel prices to keep low in the near future amid the soft market demand and exces- sive reserves of steel plants. Steel prices fr...China MOC:steel prices to keep low in China China Ministry of Commerce expects domestic steel prices to keep low in the near future amid the soft market demand and exces- sive reserves of steel plants. Steel prices from November 10 to 19 fell by 2.7%,0.9% age point more than the drop rate of the previous week.展开更多
The Bogoliubov de Gennes equation is applied to the study of coherence effects in the ferromagnetic superconductor/insulator/normal metal/insulator/ferromagnetic/superconductor （FS/I/N/I/FS） junction. We calculated ...The Bogoliubov de Gennes equation is applied to the study of coherence effects in the ferromagnetic superconductor/insulator/normal metal/insulator/ferromagnetic/superconductor （FS/I/N/I/FS） junction. We calculated the Josephson current in FS/I/N/I/FS as a function of exchange field in ferromagnetic superconductor, temperature, and normal metal thickness. It is found that the Josephson critical current in FS/I/N/I/FS exhibits oscillations as a function of the length of normal metal. The exchange field always suppresses the Josephson critical current Ip for a parallel configuration of the magnetic moments of two ferromagnetic superconductor （FS） electrodes. In the antiparallel configuration, the Josephson critical current IAv at the minimum values of oscillation increases with the exchange field for strong barrier strength and at low temperatures.展开更多
Administrative department, as the focus of national political system reform, is associated with optimization and adjustment of state institutions and plays a macro-control role in socialist economic development. Admin...Administrative department, as the focus of national political system reform, is associated with optimization and adjustment of state institutions and plays a macro-control role in socialist economic development. Administrative departments, just the ＂government＂, conduct economic control function to promote the sustainable development of social economic causes. The thesis firstly introduces administrative departments＇ era effect and causes of administrative departments＇ economic policy ineffectiveness. And on the basis of these, the thesis comes up with some solutions to solve economic ineffectiveness, hoping that it would be helpful to relevant researches.展开更多
Affter the eruption of the global financial crisis in 2008, China adopted proactive monetary expansion in an attempt to offset the economic slump. However, monetary expansion failed to bring the economy back to the st...Affter the eruption of the global financial crisis in 2008, China adopted proactive monetary expansion in an attempt to offset the economic slump. However, monetary expansion failed to bring the economy back to the state of the mean and instead caused tremendous negative output gaps that led to a negative producer price index （PPI） for three consecutive years. The impotence of monetary stimulation and investment seems to be caused by the emergence of the shocks of efficiency deceleration, i.e., a tremendous amount of supply proves ineffective, leading to accumulation of inventory due to lack of demand, lack of short term profitability or profitability being siphoning off by zombie firms. These inefficient firms, sectors of overcapacity and inefficient local infrastructure construction cannot be rescued by the infusion of money flow. Macroeconomic policy should stimulate the transformation of China＇s economy from rapid quantitative expansion to efficiency enhancement. For instance, tax credits should be offered for accelerated depreciation to clear up zombie firms and expedite mergers and acquisitions through capital markets. Institutional and inventory reform and adjustment must be carried out in order to complete the transition from quantitative expansion to high efficiency supply.展开更多
Problems caused by the income distribution gap arises widespread attention in current theorists, sector and folk. Requiring adjustment of income distribution gap is growing from various aspects and this article attemp...Problems caused by the income distribution gap arises widespread attention in current theorists, sector and folk. Requiring adjustment of income distribution gap is growing from various aspects and this article attempts to investigate theoretical level of influence in government regulating income distribution gap, mainly involving the government and the blur, efficiency loss in market boundaries, the deficit effects and other aspects of government failure. We strive to prevent the possible deviations of goverrmaent in the implementation of the regulation, expect to deepen understanding and promote the practice for some benefit.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (71203236)Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest (201203029)the Scientific Research Expenses of Central Scientific Research Institutes (2012RG006-4)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim was to analyze economic benefits of rice farmers and influential factors in China. [Method] Based on data of rice production in 565 farm households in 2009, correlation analysis was conducted on characters of households, input/output of rice production, condition and environment of rice production, related policies and activities with SPSS. [Result] Yield per mu, production cost, and rice price were dominant factors influencing economic benefits of rice farmers; labor force in a household, training of rice cultivation, machine rice production and rice cropping had significant effects on benefits from rice production; area of rice, family educa- tion, on-time field management, site instruction, and demonstration fields all had in- significant effects on economic benefits of rice. In addition, suggestions were pro- posed about choice of production scale, implementation of rice policies, measures of subsidy, and purchase price of rice. [Conclusion] The research provides references for rice production and improvement of economic benefits of rice farmers.
文摘There is evidence that the shipping industry could achieve energy efficiency gains through the implementation of new technologies, with considerable reductions of fuel costs and emissions to air in the sector. Although the cost reducing effects of some new technologies are well established, companies appear reluctant to innovate despite the financial and societal benefits, as a result of what is referred to as the energy efficiency gap. The global emission impacts of the shipping industry, most notably of greenhouse gases, sulphur and nitrogen oxides are increasingly attracting the attention of regulators, non-governmental organisations and the media, and shipping companies are under pressure to find new ways to reduce their emission footprint. Understanding the determinants of the energy efficiency gap in shipping is then critical in improving the environmental profile of the industry. This paper presents the results of a survey among Norwegian shipping companies aimed at gaining a better understanding of the barriers to implementation of new cost saving technologies. The paper assesses the technical barriers that have traditionally been indicated as the main cause of the energy efficiency gap in shipping. The paper results indicate that next to technical factors, important barriers are constituted also by managerial practices and legal constraints.
文摘To evaluate the effectiveness and tolerability of a split-dose 2 L polyethylene glycol (PEG)/ascorbic acid (AA) regimen for healthy examinees who visited for comprehensive medical check-up in the early morning.METHODSFrom February 2015 to March 2015, examinees of average risk who were scheduled for a colonoscopy in the morning were retrospectively enrolled.RESULTSThe 189 examinees were divided into split-dose and non-split-dose groups. The adequacy of bowel preparation for the split-dose group vs the non-split-dose group was 96.8% vs 85.2%, respectively, P < 0.001, and the compliance of the last meal restriction was 74.6% vs 58.2%, respectively, P < 0.001. The sleep disturbance (P < 0.001) was more prevalent in the split-dose group, however the willingness to repeat the same preparation method (P = 0.243) was not different in both groups. The split-dose regimen was the most important factor influencing adequate bowel preparation in multivariate analysis (HR = 10.89, 95%CI: 6.53-18.17, P < 0.001).CONCLUSIONA split-dose regimen of 2 L PEG/AA for an early morning colonoscopy was more effective and showed better compliance for diet restriction without any difference in satisfaction and discomfort. Introducing a split-dose regimen of 2 L PEG/AA to morning colonoscopy examinees is effective and tolerable in a comprehensive medical check-up setting.
文摘Circular economy （CE） has been put fonvard as an important environmental and resource strategy in China.Aiming at the high utilization rate of resources and reduction of pollutants,CE means to realize a shift of fundamental paradigm.With the mode of production and consumption from linear to recycling model,the promotion requires transdisciplinary researches which integrate technological,ecological,social-cultural and other sciences.The present study focuses on the implementation of circular economy from an institutional perspective.Institution acts as a crucial factor by providing incentives for technical innovation,leading investment orientation and determining policy effectiveness,etc.This paper mainly discusses about： firstly,the feature of institution,institutional changes and institutional innovation is articulated,together with eco-industrial park strategy,extended producer＇s responsibility and dematerialization principle as innovative institutional arrangements; secondly,as policy plays great role on institutional changing process,the mechanism of policy implementation is needed to be related; as a result,coevolution of institutions and policies is thus presented; at last,a pilot attempt is made to find out some operational avenues in accomplishment of CE through both theoretical and practical methodology,special resolutions are put forward after some projecting difficulties and dilemmas in China are described.
文摘As only about 15% of the total time of people in Hong Kong was spent outdoors, it would be more valuable if the associated effectiveness and impact of the recently proposed abatement measures could be expressed in terms of the improvement in the total exposure levels. This paper uses an exposure assessment model developed from the local microenvironment concentration data together with our surveyed time activity patterns to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed air pollution abatement policy. Prior to the enforcement of abatement measures, about 2.5% of the young group and 1.2% of the adult group having their exposure levels exceeded that defined by the current 8-hour PM10 standard (180 μg/m3). With the enforcement of abatement measures, only 0.3% of the adult group would be restored to a safe level.
文摘In despite of fluctuation in recent years, the grain yield in China has been increasing, which relieves the conflict between supply and demand and turns the situation of food security good. However, because of the rapid increase in food consumption, the conflicts of food quality and structure in the supply and demand equilibrium has become more and more obvious and the long-effective mechanism of food security has not been estab-lished yet. It is found that the factors affecting food security in China include the scarcity and dissipation of resources, farmers’ low enthusiasm in planting grain crops and the inappropriateness of the emphasis and measures of macro-economic regulation and control. Therefore, the authors advance to optimize resources allocation, strengthen macro-economic regulation and control and policy stimulation and establish the mechanism of allocating grain production cost, to set up the long-effective mechanism of China food security and keep it stable in the long term.
文摘China MOC:steel prices to keep low in China China Ministry of Commerce expects domestic steel prices to keep low in the near future amid the soft market demand and exces- sive reserves of steel plants. Steel prices from November 10 to 19 fell by 2.7%,0.9% age point more than the drop rate of the previous week.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China under Grant No.06KJB140009
文摘The Bogoliubov de Gennes equation is applied to the study of coherence effects in the ferromagnetic superconductor/insulator/normal metal/insulator/ferromagnetic/superconductor （FS/I/N/I/FS） junction. We calculated the Josephson current in FS/I/N/I/FS as a function of exchange field in ferromagnetic superconductor, temperature, and normal metal thickness. It is found that the Josephson critical current in FS/I/N/I/FS exhibits oscillations as a function of the length of normal metal. The exchange field always suppresses the Josephson critical current Ip for a parallel configuration of the magnetic moments of two ferromagnetic superconductor （FS） electrodes. In the antiparallel configuration, the Josephson critical current IAv at the minimum values of oscillation increases with the exchange field for strong barrier strength and at low temperatures.
文摘Administrative department, as the focus of national political system reform, is associated with optimization and adjustment of state institutions and plays a macro-control role in socialist economic development. Administrative departments, just the ＂government＂, conduct economic control function to promote the sustainable development of social economic causes. The thesis firstly introduces administrative departments＇ era effect and causes of administrative departments＇ economic policy ineffectiveness. And on the basis of these, the thesis comes up with some solutions to solve economic ineffectiveness, hoping that it would be helpful to relevant researches.
文摘Affter the eruption of the global financial crisis in 2008, China adopted proactive monetary expansion in an attempt to offset the economic slump. However, monetary expansion failed to bring the economy back to the state of the mean and instead caused tremendous negative output gaps that led to a negative producer price index （PPI） for three consecutive years. The impotence of monetary stimulation and investment seems to be caused by the emergence of the shocks of efficiency deceleration, i.e., a tremendous amount of supply proves ineffective, leading to accumulation of inventory due to lack of demand, lack of short term profitability or profitability being siphoning off by zombie firms. These inefficient firms, sectors of overcapacity and inefficient local infrastructure construction cannot be rescued by the infusion of money flow. Macroeconomic policy should stimulate the transformation of China＇s economy from rapid quantitative expansion to efficiency enhancement. For instance, tax credits should be offered for accelerated depreciation to clear up zombie firms and expedite mergers and acquisitions through capital markets. Institutional and inventory reform and adjustment must be carried out in order to complete the transition from quantitative expansion to high efficiency supply.
文摘Problems caused by the income distribution gap arises widespread attention in current theorists, sector and folk. Requiring adjustment of income distribution gap is growing from various aspects and this article attempts to investigate theoretical level of influence in government regulating income distribution gap, mainly involving the government and the blur, efficiency loss in market boundaries, the deficit effects and other aspects of government failure. We strive to prevent the possible deviations of goverrmaent in the implementation of the regulation, expect to deepen understanding and promote the practice for some benefit.
