美日企业两种组织形态效率比较

虽然人们在组织形态的类型方面,又发展出许多变种混合形式,但是在大型工业企业的管理上主要有两种基本的组织结构,即集中的职能结构类型和分权的事业部制结构。本文通过对企业组织形态的成因分析和美日企业两种组织形态的效率比较,提出了成功的企业都力图在集权和分权之间保持平衡的观点。这对我国企业组织形态的建立和创新有重要的借鉴意义。

基于四叉树算法的“三区空间”形态效率评价方法

面向多尺度、全要素、长时序“三区空间”形态效率格局解析及其演化机制分析,构建基于“四叉树”算法的“三区空间”识别方法,以“形态效率值”作为空间形态效率的核心衡量手段,构建统一、可比较的“三区空间”形态效率衡量渠道;运用Dugam基尼系数和空间计量回归分析方法,验证基于“四叉树”算法对国土空间形态描述的有效性,并挖掘形态效率及其变化的影响机制,为宏、中、微观各尺度国土空间的形态监测提供数据适应性强、判别精度高的基础支撑方法。以长江经济带为实证对象,对该典型区域“三区空间”形态效率的特征、变化差异及演化机制进行分析,研究发现:(1)近40年来,城镇空间成片开发水平快速提升,形态效率提升0.46,而农业空间集中连片水平剧烈下降0.17,生态空间基本不变;(2)长江经济带“三区空间”开发保护存在中西部后发地区城镇空间无序开发、全域农业空间形态破碎以及东部地区大规模侵蚀生态空间完整性的风险;(3)关注资源环境承载能力脆弱、社会经济处于高速发展阶段、区位条件相对较差地区的“三区空间”形态效率变化,并制定空间结构与形态优化的相关政策,是优化长江经济带三区空间形态效率的关键。

Genotypic Variation in Root Morphological Characteristics of Common Bean in Relation to Phosphorus Efficiency

Root morphology in plants may be related to phosphorus (P) efficiency by affecting the absorption characteristics of the root system. However, genotypic variation in root morphological characteristics of common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) as affected by P availability has not been well clarified. In the present study, systematic studies were conducted in a P-buffered sand culture system using three pairs of common bean parental materials with contrasting root traits in response to P deficiency. The results indicate that P availability significantly affects bean root morphology. Common bean tends to have smaller root system, shorter and coarser roots at low P availability. Genotypic variation in root morphology was observed among different genotypes in response to P availability. The P efficient genotypes appear to have larger, finer and longer root systems than the P inefficient genotypes, and such a variation was particularly obvious in the basal roots. From allomeric analysis, we found that morphological characteristics of the basal roots contribute more to P efficiency than those of the tap roots. Further studies with the F-9 recombinant inbred lines derived from one of the most contrasting parental pairs, DOR364 and G19833, confirmed the above findings, indicating that those morphological characteristics are inheritable hence provide potential for genetic improvement.

Effects of Silicon at Different Concentrations on Morphology and Photosynthetic Physiological Mechanism of Japonica Rice

[Objective] The aim was to explore effects of silicon at different concentrations on morphology and photosynthetic physiological mechanism of japonica rice. [Method] Seedlings of japonica rice were treated with silicon at different concentrations （0, 30, 80, 130 and 180 mg/L of sodium silicate）; silicon contents were measured with Molybdenum blue spectrophotometric method in root, stem and leaf; plant height, root length and number in different treatment groups were measured with tools; chlorophyll a and b, and a/b in leaf and stem of rice in different groups were measured. [Result] Silicon contents in vegetative organs were as follows： stem〉leaf〉 root; when silicon was 80 mg/L, japonica ecotype was shortest; when silicon was 30 mg/L, root length of the rice was shortest and root number was least; when silicon was 30 mg/L, contents of chlorophyll a and b were highest and chlorophyll a/b achieved the peak when silicon was 80 mg/L. [Conclusion] Silicon at proper concen- tration would improve lodging-resistance and efficiency of photosynthesis, further enhancing yield of japonica rice.

知识经济如“何” 知识如何“经济” 如何知识经济?

知识经济的出现只是本世纪末的事,我们对它的认识还应该说仅仅是开始,故近年来围绕知识经济问题确不乏仁智之见。本文也想就此问题谈几点看法,以共商榷。(一)知识经济如"何"?这应当是认识事物的第一思维层次。不论从理论上讲,还是从实践上讲,知识经济都应该说是远比农业经济、工业经济更为复杂的社会经济现象。从历史唯物主义的观点讲,知识经济是社会生产力发展的必然产物。严格地说,经济作为人类独有的社会范畴,从产生之日起就是靠知识支撑的,就是以知识的转化形态存在着的,人类从刀耕火种的生存方式中(此时还没有出现经济)

Root Physiological and Morphological Characteristics of Two Rice Cultivars with Different Nitrogen-Use Efficiency

The variation in nitrogen （N） uptake by rice has been widely studied but differences in rice root morphology that may contribute to this variation are not completely understood. Field and greenhouse experiments were carried out to study N accumulation, root dry weights, total root lengths, root surface areas, and root bleeding rates of two rice cultivars, Elio with low N-use efficiency and Nanguang with high N-use efficiency. Low （1 mmol N L^-1） and high （5 mmol N L^-1） N applications were established in the greenhouse experiment, and the N rates were 0, 120, and 240 kg ha^-1 in the field experiments at Jiangning and Jiangpu farms, Nanjing, China. The results showed that the N accumulation, root dry weight, total root length, and root surface area increased with an increase in N application. At the heading stage, N accumulation in the shoots and roots of Nanguang was greater than that of Elio in the field experiments and that of Elio at 5 mmol N L^-1 in the greenhouse experiment. After the heading stage, N accumulation was higher for Nanguang at both 1 and 5 mmol N L^-1 in the greenhouse experiment. The total root length and root surface area were significantly different between the two cultivars. Over the range of the fertilizer application rates, the root lengths of Nanguang at Jiangning Farm were 49%-6170 greater at booting and 26%-39% greater at heading than those of Elio, and at Jiangpu Farm they were 22%-42% and 26%-38% greater, respectively. Nanguang had a greater root bleeding rate than Elio. It was concluded that the N-use efficiency of the two rice cultivars studied depended to a great extent on the root morphological parameters and root physiological characteristics at different growth stages.

模块化机器人的模块形态特性

针对目前尚无一种通用的方法对模块形态与模块化机器人的性能关系进行分析研究,以EMERGE模块形态为目标对象,基于进化设计的思想,提出一种模块形态的评估方法。首先,依据模块可用的连接面数量及其相对位置对模块形态进行分类分析。然后采用结构化的进化设计策略,以平面的移动任务为算例,在机器人仿真平台中分别对由不同种类形态的模块组建的机器人进化,得到每种模块形态下性能最优的机器人,并比较各自的性能。最后,对不同种类的最优性能的仿真机器人进行实体机器人验证。结果表明该评估方法可有效提高设计高性能模块化机器人的效率,仿真和实体机器人试验验证了方法的有效性。