By analyzing the average percent of faults detected （APFD） metric and its variant versions, which are widely utilized as metrics to evaluate the fault detection efficiency of the test suite, this paper points out so...By analyzing the average percent of faults detected （APFD） metric and its variant versions, which are widely utilized as metrics to evaluate the fault detection efficiency of the test suite, this paper points out some limitations of the APFD series metrics. These limitations include APFD series metrics having inaccurate physical explanations and being unable to precisely describe the process of fault detection. To avoid the limitations of existing metrics, this paper proposes two improved metrics for evaluating fault detection efficiency of a test suite, including relative-APFD and relative-APFDc. The proposed metrics refer to both the speed of fault detection and the constraint of the testing source. The case study shows that the two proposed metrics can provide much more precise descriptions of the fault detection process and the fault detection efficiency of the test suite.展开更多
A novel data acquisition system was successfully integrated on-board the Massey Ferguson 3,000 series agricultural tractors for measuring tractor-implement performance. A commercial load cell was incorporated into the...A novel data acquisition system was successfully integrated on-board the Massey Ferguson 3,000 series agricultural tractors for measuring tractor-implement performance. A commercial load cell was incorporated into the existing system for the needed tractor-implement performance, measurements. This system is capable of measuring, displaying and recording, in real-time, the tractor＇s theoretical travel speed, the actual travel speed, the engine speed, the fuel consumption rate, and the drawbar pull. Static calibration tests on various associated sensors for the required measurements show excellent linearity with correlation coefficients that are close to 1. The developed system was extensively and successfully field demonstrated for tractor-implement performance with offset disc harrows on dry, undisturbed loamy soils. Under these conditions, a ratio of tractor power to implement width is suggested. The data also show the existence of a linear relationship between fuel consumption per hectare and specific draught, for the 4 to 9 kN m^-1 range, which suggests the possibility of extending the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers model of draught prediction to forecast fuel consumption. The configuration of the tractor-harrow combination, based on the measurement of the draught required under operational conditions, provides the manufacturers with a reliable indication of the recommended power required for each harrow model. With this type of information farmers can make decisions regarding selection of a suitable tractor-implement combination for their farms. As a consequence, there is improved tractor-harrow productivity and field efficiency.展开更多
Intensity of cavitation is significant in ultrasonic wastewater treatment,but is complicated to measure.A time difference based method of ultrasonic cavitation measurement is proposed.The time differences at different...Intensity of cavitation is significant in ultrasonic wastewater treatment,but is complicated to measure.A time difference based method of ultrasonic cavitation measurement is proposed.The time differences at different powers of 495 kHz ultrasonic are measured in experiment in comparison with conductimetric method.Simulation results show that time difference and electrical conductivity are both approximately positive proportional to the ultrasonic power.The degradation of PNP solution verifies the availability in wastewater treatment by using ultrasonic.展开更多
Intrinsic viscosity is one of the most fundamental properties of dilute polymer solutions; its study forms an integral part of the cornerstone of the modern macromolecular theory. However, a general theory applicable ...Intrinsic viscosity is one of the most fundamental properties of dilute polymer solutions; its study forms an integral part of the cornerstone of the modern macromolecular theory. However, a general theory applicable to any chain architectures and solvent conditions has remained elusive, due to the formidable challenges in the theoretical treatment of the long-range, many-body and accumulative hydrodynamic effects. Recently, Lijia An and coworkers at the Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, has developed a new approach that largely overcomes these challenges. Their new theory provides a simple and unified theoretical framework for describing the intrinsic viscosity of polymers with arbitrary architectures under any solvent conditions and forms the theoretical basis for inferring the polymer chain structure from intrinsic viscosity measurements. Comparisons with existing experimental data yield extensive, quantitative agreement.展开更多
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61300054)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK2011190,BK20130879)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Higher Education Institutions of Jiangsu Province(No.13KJB520018)the Science Foundation of Nanjing University of Posts&Telecommunications(No.NY212023)
文摘By analyzing the average percent of faults detected （APFD） metric and its variant versions, which are widely utilized as metrics to evaluate the fault detection efficiency of the test suite, this paper points out some limitations of the APFD series metrics. These limitations include APFD series metrics having inaccurate physical explanations and being unable to precisely describe the process of fault detection. To avoid the limitations of existing metrics, this paper proposes two improved metrics for evaluating fault detection efficiency of a test suite, including relative-APFD and relative-APFDc. The proposed metrics refer to both the speed of fault detection and the constraint of the testing source. The case study shows that the two proposed metrics can provide much more precise descriptions of the fault detection process and the fault detection efficiency of the test suite.
文摘A novel data acquisition system was successfully integrated on-board the Massey Ferguson 3,000 series agricultural tractors for measuring tractor-implement performance. A commercial load cell was incorporated into the existing system for the needed tractor-implement performance, measurements. This system is capable of measuring, displaying and recording, in real-time, the tractor＇s theoretical travel speed, the actual travel speed, the engine speed, the fuel consumption rate, and the drawbar pull. Static calibration tests on various associated sensors for the required measurements show excellent linearity with correlation coefficients that are close to 1. The developed system was extensively and successfully field demonstrated for tractor-implement performance with offset disc harrows on dry, undisturbed loamy soils. Under these conditions, a ratio of tractor power to implement width is suggested. The data also show the existence of a linear relationship between fuel consumption per hectare and specific draught, for the 4 to 9 kN m^-1 range, which suggests the possibility of extending the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers model of draught prediction to forecast fuel consumption. The configuration of the tractor-harrow combination, based on the measurement of the draught required under operational conditions, provides the manufacturers with a reliable indication of the recommended power required for each harrow model. With this type of information farmers can make decisions regarding selection of a suitable tractor-implement combination for their farms. As a consequence, there is improved tractor-harrow productivity and field efficiency.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11274092,11274091,11304026)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.14B10128)
文摘Intensity of cavitation is significant in ultrasonic wastewater treatment,but is complicated to measure.A time difference based method of ultrasonic cavitation measurement is proposed.The time differences at different powers of 495 kHz ultrasonic are measured in experiment in comparison with conductimetric method.Simulation results show that time difference and electrical conductivity are both approximately positive proportional to the ultrasonic power.The degradation of PNP solution verifies the availability in wastewater treatment by using ultrasonic.
文摘Intrinsic viscosity is one of the most fundamental properties of dilute polymer solutions; its study forms an integral part of the cornerstone of the modern macromolecular theory. However, a general theory applicable to any chain architectures and solvent conditions has remained elusive, due to the formidable challenges in the theoretical treatment of the long-range, many-body and accumulative hydrodynamic effects. Recently, Lijia An and coworkers at the Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, has developed a new approach that largely overcomes these challenges. Their new theory provides a simple and unified theoretical framework for describing the intrinsic viscosity of polymers with arbitrary architectures under any solvent conditions and forms the theoretical basis for inferring the polymer chain structure from intrinsic viscosity measurements. Comparisons with existing experimental data yield extensive, quantitative agreement.
