该研究从原料加工适宜性出发,探究不同品种(华硕、富士、嘎啦、金冠、澳洲青苹)和后熟度对非浓缩还原(not from concentrate,NFC)苹果汁浑浊稳定性的影响。结果表明,品种和后成熟对NFC苹果汁的浑浊稳定性影响显著。对比不同品种,发现华...该研究从原料加工适宜性出发,探究不同品种(华硕、富士、嘎啦、金冠、澳洲青苹)和后熟度对非浓缩还原(not from concentrate,NFC)苹果汁浑浊稳定性的影响。结果表明,品种和后成熟对NFC苹果汁的浑浊稳定性影响显著。对比不同品种,发现华硕苹果汁最不稳定,浊度最低(4.21~5.95),分层沉淀严重,而其他品种苹果汁在后熟过程中浑浊稳定性呈现上升趋势,如金冠苹果汁浊度值从3.39上升到66.40,这可能与果汁沉淀敏感物质随后熟的变化有关。在后熟过程中,NFC苹果汁的不溶性淀粉和聚合敏感多酚类物质含量显著降低(P<0.05),例如澳洲青苹汁的不溶性淀粉含量由5.20 mg/L下降至无法检出,华硕苹果汁总酚含量由291.63 mg没食子酸/100mL降低至2.55 mg没食子酸/100mL。而随着后熟,NFC苹果汁的果胶含量显著升高(P<0.05),例如金冠苹果汁的果胶含量由0.66 mg/mL上升到7.34 mg/mL。这些沉淀敏感物质组分的变化,使得NFC苹果汁的浑浊稳定性显著提高。该研究结果将为改善NFC苹果汁浑浊稳定性提供理论依据。展开更多
Based on a series of aqua-planet and air–sea coupled experiments,the influence of unrealistic treatment of water substance in the Flexible Global Ocean–Atmosphere–Land System Model,spectral version 2（FGOALS-s2）,o...Based on a series of aqua-planet and air–sea coupled experiments,the influence of unrealistic treatment of water substance in the Flexible Global Ocean–Atmosphere–Land System Model,spectral version 2（FGOALS-s2）,on the model＇s climate sensitivity is investigated in this paper.Because the model does not adopt an explicit microphysics scheme,the detrained water substance from the convection scheme is converted back to the humidity.This procedure could lead to an additional increase of water vapor in the atmosphere,which could strengthen the model＇s climate sensitivity.Further sensitivity experiments confirm this deduction.After removing the water vapor converted from the detrained water substance,the water vapor reduced significantly in the upper troposphere and the high clouds also reduced.Quantitative calculations show that the water vapor reduced almost 10% of the total water vapor,and 50% at 150 h Pa,when the detrained water substance was removed,contributing to the 30% atmospheric surface temperature increase.This study calls for an explicit microphysics scheme to be introduced into the model in order to handle the detrained water vapor and thus improve the model＇s simulation skill.展开更多
When evaluating Nuclear Waste DGR Safety, it is necessary to confirm its safety in a long run and above all its safety towards the biosphere which is more precisely that the biosphere will not be in any hazard caused ...When evaluating Nuclear Waste DGR Safety, it is necessary to confirm its safety in a long run and above all its safety towards the biosphere which is more precisely that the biosphere will not be in any hazard caused by radioactive substances, With the aid of geologists, a model of a hypothetical area was elaborated and described with the use of geological and hydrogeological parameters. The volume of isotopes released out of the massif at the borderline of the near/far field from the DGR was determined. The paper results showed that ground water flow and transport of substances within the area were first to be determined. The Flow123D SW was used for the determination. The resulting outcome represents a determination of transported substances concentration depending on time. The disadvantage of the model is the fact that all the input parameters were set deterministically. The problem is solved by using the sensitivity analysis （changing the input parameters） or using the Monte Carlo Method. The major results are： calculations of the radionuclide concentrations in the elements depending on time and determination of parameters that have the biggest impact on the sensitivity of the whole model.展开更多
Flexible and wearable sensors have drawn ex-tensive concern due to their wide potential applications inwearable electronics and intelligent robots. Flexible sensorswith high sensRivity, good flexibility, and excellent...Flexible and wearable sensors have drawn ex-tensive concern due to their wide potential applications inwearable electronics and intelligent robots. Flexible sensorswith high sensRivity, good flexibility, and excellent stabilityare highly desirable for monitoring human biomedical signals,movements and the environment. The active materials and thedevice structures are the keys to achieve high performance.Carbon nanomaterials, including carbon nanotubes （CNTs）,graphene, carbon black and carbon nanofibers, are one of themost commonly used active materials for the fabrication ofhigh-performance flexible sensors due to their superiorproperties. Especially, CNTs and graphene can be assembledinto various multi-scaled macroscopic structures, includingone dimensional fibers, two dimensional films and three di-mensional architectures, endowing the facile design of flexiblesensors for wide practical applications. In addition, the hybridstructured carbon materials derived from natural bio-mate-rials also showed a bright prospect for applications in flexiblesensors. This review provides a comprehensive presentation offlexible and wearable sensors based on the above variouscarbon materials. Following a brief introduction of flexiblesensors and carbon materials, the fundamentals of typicalflexible sensors, such as strain sensors, pressure sensors,temperature sensors and humidity sensors, are presented.Then, the latest progress of flexible sensors based on carbonmaterials, including the fabrication processes, performanceand applications, are summarized. Finally, the remainingmajor challenges of carbon-based flexible electronics are dis-cussed and the future research directions are proposed.展开更多
Species sensitivity analysis is one of the major techniques applied to derive water quality criteria. Presently, the toxicity data used for development of water quality criteria are mainly in the biological individual...Species sensitivity analysis is one of the major techniques applied to derive water quality criteria. Presently, the toxicity data used for development of water quality criteria are mainly in the biological individual level. With the increase of ecotoxicogenomics toxicity data, it is worth studying whether the gene expression effect data can be used to derive water quality criteria. Taking cadmium, copper and zinc as examples, we analyzed the toxic effects of the three heavy metals by constructing the species sensitivity distribution curves on the basis of extensive toxicity data. The results showed that the rank of species sensitivity for the acute, chronic and gene expression effect toxicity data of cadmium is "chronic>gene>acute". Although the gene expression effect data of copper and zinc are insufficient, the trend of data sensitivity of zinc is similar to cadmium. However, the trend of species sensitivity of copper is different from that of cadmium and zinc with higher sensitivity of gene expression data. It suggested that though the existing data of gene expression effects are not sufficient enough, they have the potential to be used in the development of chronic water quality criteria. For application in the derivation of water quality criteria, illogical test concentration design and insufficient target genes are two main weaknesses in the study of gene expression effects.展开更多
基金jointly supported by the National Basic Research Program of China[grant number 2014CB953904]the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant numbers 41405091 and 91337110]+1 种基金the Open Projects of the Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster of the Ministry of Education[grant number KLME1405]the Strategic Leading Science Projects of the Chinese Academy of Sciences[grant number XDA11010402]
文摘Based on a series of aqua-planet and air–sea coupled experiments,the influence of unrealistic treatment of water substance in the Flexible Global Ocean–Atmosphere–Land System Model,spectral version 2（FGOALS-s2）,on the model＇s climate sensitivity is investigated in this paper.Because the model does not adopt an explicit microphysics scheme,the detrained water substance from the convection scheme is converted back to the humidity.This procedure could lead to an additional increase of water vapor in the atmosphere,which could strengthen the model＇s climate sensitivity.Further sensitivity experiments confirm this deduction.After removing the water vapor converted from the detrained water substance,the water vapor reduced significantly in the upper troposphere and the high clouds also reduced.Quantitative calculations show that the water vapor reduced almost 10% of the total water vapor,and 50% at 150 h Pa,when the detrained water substance was removed,contributing to the 30% atmospheric surface temperature increase.This study calls for an explicit microphysics scheme to be introduced into the model in order to handle the detrained water vapor and thus improve the model＇s simulation skill.
文摘When evaluating Nuclear Waste DGR Safety, it is necessary to confirm its safety in a long run and above all its safety towards the biosphere which is more precisely that the biosphere will not be in any hazard caused by radioactive substances, With the aid of geologists, a model of a hypothetical area was elaborated and described with the use of geological and hydrogeological parameters. The volume of isotopes released out of the massif at the borderline of the near/far field from the DGR was determined. The paper results showed that ground water flow and transport of substances within the area were first to be determined. The Flow123D SW was used for the determination. The resulting outcome represents a determination of transported substances concentration depending on time. The disadvantage of the model is the fact that all the input parameters were set deterministically. The problem is solved by using the sensitivity analysis （changing the input parameters） or using the Monte Carlo Method. The major results are： calculations of the radionuclide concentrations in the elements depending on time and determination of parameters that have the biggest impact on the sensitivity of the whole model.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51672153,51422204 and 51372132)National Key Basic Research and Development Program(2016YFA0200103 and 2013CB228506)
文摘Flexible and wearable sensors have drawn ex-tensive concern due to their wide potential applications inwearable electronics and intelligent robots. Flexible sensorswith high sensRivity, good flexibility, and excellent stabilityare highly desirable for monitoring human biomedical signals,movements and the environment. The active materials and thedevice structures are the keys to achieve high performance.Carbon nanomaterials, including carbon nanotubes （CNTs）,graphene, carbon black and carbon nanofibers, are one of themost commonly used active materials for the fabrication ofhigh-performance flexible sensors due to their superiorproperties. Especially, CNTs and graphene can be assembledinto various multi-scaled macroscopic structures, includingone dimensional fibers, two dimensional films and three di-mensional architectures, endowing the facile design of flexiblesensors for wide practical applications. In addition, the hybridstructured carbon materials derived from natural bio-mate-rials also showed a bright prospect for applications in flexiblesensors. This review provides a comprehensive presentation offlexible and wearable sensors based on the above variouscarbon materials. Following a brief introduction of flexiblesensors and carbon materials, the fundamentals of typicalflexible sensors, such as strain sensors, pressure sensors,temperature sensors and humidity sensors, are presented.Then, the latest progress of flexible sensors based on carbonmaterials, including the fabrication processes, performanceand applications, are summarized. Finally, the remainingmajor challenges of carbon-based flexible electronics are dis-cussed and the future research directions are proposed.
基金supported by the Great Program of National Water Body Pollution Control and Treatment (Grant No. 2012ZX07501-003-006)Special Project of Revolution Startup of CRAES (Grant No. 2011GQ-02)
文摘Species sensitivity analysis is one of the major techniques applied to derive water quality criteria. Presently, the toxicity data used for development of water quality criteria are mainly in the biological individual level. With the increase of ecotoxicogenomics toxicity data, it is worth studying whether the gene expression effect data can be used to derive water quality criteria. Taking cadmium, copper and zinc as examples, we analyzed the toxic effects of the three heavy metals by constructing the species sensitivity distribution curves on the basis of extensive toxicity data. The results showed that the rank of species sensitivity for the acute, chronic and gene expression effect toxicity data of cadmium is "chronic>gene>acute". Although the gene expression effect data of copper and zinc are insufficient, the trend of data sensitivity of zinc is similar to cadmium. However, the trend of species sensitivity of copper is different from that of cadmium and zinc with higher sensitivity of gene expression data. It suggested that though the existing data of gene expression effects are not sufficient enough, they have the potential to be used in the development of chronic water quality criteria. For application in the derivation of water quality criteria, illogical test concentration design and insufficient target genes are two main weaknesses in the study of gene expression effects.
