The literature on disasters mainly focuses on natural disasters and looks at their coverage by the media. The paper argues that armed conflicts are also disasters and that Western relief agencies intervening in natura...The literature on disasters mainly focuses on natural disasters and looks at their coverage by the media. The paper argues that armed conflicts are also disasters and that Western relief agencies intervening in natural disasters and conflict are also proactive communicators. Taking a different approach from much of the available research, it explores agencies＇ communication work in these two types of crises and analyses the differences, challenges and dilemmas that they face in communicating their humanitarianism. It outlines the distinguished inherent characteristics of natural disasters and conflicts, and examines their impact on the understanding of the crises, the perception of affected populations, and the implementation of agencies＇ actions. It also investigates how, in turn, all these features influence agencies＇ communication practices that in natural disasters emergencies and conflict-related crises perform a different role and show different parameters. In this sense, the paper distinguishes between ＂humanitarian communication＂ to refer to the former, and ＂humanitarian advocacy＂ to refer to the latter. The paper briefly explores the operational challenges engendered by the contested interpretations of humanitarian advocacy, shows that the use of the parameters of humanitarian communication in conflict-related crises to overcome these problems caused additional concern, and presents two forms of humanitarian advocacy engendering less challenges and dilemmas.展开更多
Large-scale national disasters have recently occurred worldwide, causing tremendous damage to life and property. Therefore, urban safety has become a critical issue, and disaster prevention and mitigation are also con...Large-scale national disasters have recently occurred worldwide, causing tremendous damage to life and property. Therefore, urban safety has become a critical issue, and disaster prevention and mitigation are also considered in urban development and infrastructure construction. When earthquake disasters occur, road networks play major roles in rescue activity for responding to urban damage. The urban-disaster prevention spatial system attempts to mitigate hazards by considering shelters, routes for evacuation and rescue and necessary logistics. A literature review shows numerous studies related to a disaster-prevention shelter survey before or after hazards, however, they are less concerned with the reliability of shelter evaluation. This study assesses shelter evaluation by considering road networks. The authors construct 10 selected indices individually related to road networks. Three integrated composite indices are established to explain planned-shelter risks using the Arc GIS diagram of a spatial concept of an urban-planning review process. The relationship between shelters and evacuation/rescue routes is important for disaster-prevention planning. This survey investigates the factors of road networks, fire engine rescue routes, fire station location and road/population density for vulnerability evaluations.展开更多
文摘The literature on disasters mainly focuses on natural disasters and looks at their coverage by the media. The paper argues that armed conflicts are also disasters and that Western relief agencies intervening in natural disasters and conflict are also proactive communicators. Taking a different approach from much of the available research, it explores agencies＇ communication work in these two types of crises and analyses the differences, challenges and dilemmas that they face in communicating their humanitarianism. It outlines the distinguished inherent characteristics of natural disasters and conflicts, and examines their impact on the understanding of the crises, the perception of affected populations, and the implementation of agencies＇ actions. It also investigates how, in turn, all these features influence agencies＇ communication practices that in natural disasters emergencies and conflict-related crises perform a different role and show different parameters. In this sense, the paper distinguishes between ＂humanitarian communication＂ to refer to the former, and ＂humanitarian advocacy＂ to refer to the latter. The paper briefly explores the operational challenges engendered by the contested interpretations of humanitarian advocacy, shows that the use of the parameters of humanitarian communication in conflict-related crises to overcome these problems caused additional concern, and presents two forms of humanitarian advocacy engendering less challenges and dilemmas.
文摘Large-scale national disasters have recently occurred worldwide, causing tremendous damage to life and property. Therefore, urban safety has become a critical issue, and disaster prevention and mitigation are also considered in urban development and infrastructure construction. When earthquake disasters occur, road networks play major roles in rescue activity for responding to urban damage. The urban-disaster prevention spatial system attempts to mitigate hazards by considering shelters, routes for evacuation and rescue and necessary logistics. A literature review shows numerous studies related to a disaster-prevention shelter survey before or after hazards, however, they are less concerned with the reliability of shelter evaluation. This study assesses shelter evaluation by considering road networks. The authors construct 10 selected indices individually related to road networks. Three integrated composite indices are established to explain planned-shelter risks using the Arc GIS diagram of a spatial concept of an urban-planning review process. The relationship between shelters and evacuation/rescue routes is important for disaster-prevention planning. This survey investigates the factors of road networks, fire engine rescue routes, fire station location and road/population density for vulnerability evaluations.
