A study on needs analysis of learners of Turkish language

This paper reports a small-scale study of needs analysis of leamers of Turkish as a foreign language at University of Florida. Needs analysis is described in the context of foreign language learning as ＂a systematic and ongoing process of gathering information about students＇ needs and preferences, interpreting the information and then making course decisions in order to meet those needs＂ （Graves, 2000, p. 74）. Because foreign language instruction has become much more learner-centered in recent years, needs analysis is a must for effective learning processes to occur （LONG, 1999, 2005; Kikuchi ＆ Apple, 2006）. In this context, the purpose of this pilot study is to gather information about the students＇ needs in learning Turkish at Center for European Studies, where less commonly taught languages, including Czech, Greek, Hungarian and Polish are offered. Drawing on interview data compiled from a number of studies （Tarone ＆ Yule, 1989; LI ＆ Richards, 1995）, the findings indicate that the students＇ needs may be grouped under four categories including their linguistic needs, their objectives in learning Turkish, learning resources, psychological and sociological factors that may impact their learning experiences. In the light of the interview findings, certain suggestions as to how to teach Turkish effectively are made.

Interculturality and Socio-Linguistic Identity in the Learning of English and Spanish in Mexico

In the current field of action of the pedagogy of languages, efficient, inclusive and dynamic teaching methods are needed; just this work will present the intercultural method through didactic evidences （pedagogical sequences） that have proved their functionality in the teaching rooms of the English in a Spanish-speaking context, as is Mexico. Without forgetting that interculturality is defined according to Cassany （2016） as an ideological current that is that each language of the world is a representative tool at the service of a culture and that said culture in a society is a mental and attitudinal representation to the world where a certain society is based. Then interculturality seeks to develop intercultural skills in the users of languages （Anglo-Hispanic）.

A citation analysis measuring the impact of Albrecht ＆ Sack （2000）

This educational note measures the impact of the Albrecht ＆ Sack （2000） monograph in accounting education literature from its publication date at the end of 2000. Impact refers to the number of times Albrecht ＆ Sack （2000） has been cited and referenced in the three leading US Accounting education journals, being Advances in Accounting Education, Issues in Accounting Education, and the Journal of Accounting Education. This educational note found that since 2001, and until 2007, ＂Albrecht ＆ Sack （2000）＂ has been cited in 29.3% of research papers, and the most cited chapter was Chapter 5-＂Improving accounting education＂. While Albrecht ＆ Sack （2000） has been widely cited, the impact in terms of policy changes, and changes to the accounting curriculum has yet to be eventuated. Indeed it may still be too early to examine impact beyond pure citation.

Research on Novel Paradigm of Contemporary Accounting Education based on Project Teaching Method and Feedback Teaching Mode

In this paper, we conduct analysis on the novel paradigm of the contemporary accounting education based on project teaching method and feedback teaching mode. Along with the deepening of the reform and opening up and further deepening of market economic system reform, especially after the world trade organization （WTO）. In our country made claim for the higher update accounting education career. How to further deepen the reform of the accounting education, further improve the quality of education is the current university education work is facing the urgent task. To deal with the challenges, we propose the novel paradigm and innovative methodology for the task based on the project teaching method and feedback teaching mode. We theoretically analyze the feasibility of the method and will verify the effectiveness in the further research.

Analysis of conversational implicatures in sentences and text

Grice＇s conversational implicatures have aroused far more attention in linguistics than have his conventional implicatures. The basic idea is that language-activity, most typically, is a kind of rational （and purposive） social interaction governed by the principle of co-operation. In what may now be regarded as his classic formulation of this principle, Grice recognized several kinds of co-operation which he grounded under the headings of quantity, quality, relation and manner. Each of these comprises a set of one or more subprinciples, formulated by Grice as prescriptive maxim, which participants normally obey, but may on occasion flout or violate. Those were analyzed and given examples in sentences and text in this paper.

Improvement of EFL Learners＇ Speaking and Writing through Reflective Scenario-based Learning

Chinese students＇ poor communicative ability in oral and written English is one of the main concerns in English teaching and learning in China. In the new syllabus of college English, the priority has shifted from reading to speaking. This paper intends to explore an effective method to improve students＇ speaking and writing ability. In the light of the advantages of Scenario-based Learning, two reflective SBL models are introduced.

The role of self-accounting and financial capability in consumer credit decisions

The role of financial capability in the consumers＇ financial behaviour has been widely analyzed by the literature. The same happened for the relationship between debt and financial capability. The consensus about the benefits of an increase in the levels of financial literacy collides with a diversity of opinions on what the best solutions to increase financial capability. While methods based on traditional teaching may not be an effective solutions and they could not provide results in the short term, solutions oriented to support consumers in important financial decisions （requests for funding, choice of retirement solutions, etc.） may show greater effectiveness. Studies in literature have shown the tendency of subjects with high levels of financial capability to adopt a long term view and to upgrade their daily financial behaviour with attitudes and practices related to self-finance （budget, financial check-up, saving for goals, etc.） The paper focuses on the relationship between financial capability and self-accounting practices, interpreting the latter as evidence of conduct financially aware. After a review of the literature designed to emphasize the role of self-accounting in the context of personal finance, a financial check-up based tool is proposed, pointing out how the financial accounts＇ schemes and logics （regular budget, estimates and forecasts checking targets） may find useful application in the context of personal finance.

西欧中世纪教会法中的婚姻与性

西欧中世纪教会法中的婚姻与性林中泽近代的理性主义者曾不公正地把西欧中世纪的“野蛮状态”归咎于天主教会的专横统治，这种偏激态度完全出自当时社会的政治需要，因而是可以理解的。遗憾的是，许多学者并没能完全摆脱掉理性主义的负面影响，他们仍然不承认近代资本主义...

CPA Pass Rates in Texas： A 12-Year Analysis

This research examines the CPA exam pass rates for higher education institutions in Texas. An investigation related to the top schools and AACSB accreditation is conducted as well as analyses related to public vs. private schools, area of the state where the institution is located, and University Systems. The results reflect impressive pass rates by University of Texas at Austin and Texas A＆M University at College Station in terms of both number of students taking the exam and the percentage passing it. There was a significant CPA rate lead with private universities only when the two outstanding public universities were omitted from the analysis. The research also found significant differences in terms of areas of the state as well as university systems. The analysis and the findings are very important to students with CPA exam success as their academic primary goal with their university education, the educational institutions preparing the students, and society as a whole. The fmdings may help guide both the universities and the students to better success with the exam as well as perhaps help taxpayers and legislators know how well tax money is being spent in this area.

New Ideas on Teaching Translation

With the rapid development of the society, some new questions of how to teach translation more scientifically have been put forward to the traditional translation teaching in the new century, which is characterized with high informationization and rapid development of science and technology. This paper aims at a general analysis of the characteristics of the modem society and its impact on translation teaching. Meanwhile, this paper provides the translation teachers with some teaching methods and concepts. Finally, this paper points out that translation teachers must take the characteristcs of the modem society in the new century into consideration, and tries to follow some new ideas when teaching translation so as to adapt to the social changes and achieve the goal of translation teaching in the universities.

Resisting the Violences of ＂Market Normalisation＂： The Importance of Critical Pedagogies for Critical Criminology

The neo-liberal re-positioning of the educational-explorative realm to a vocational market-confinement has already impacted quite heavily on the educational sector in England and Wales and is now being imposed on a European wide scale. However, global as well as European students＇ protests illustrate that resistance to this ideology is gathering pace, and not only involves students and academics but also reaches wider parts of societies. This paper seeks to demonstrate the need for critical pedagogical practices that seek to sensitise students to the modes of current ＂conditions of domination＂. It further suggests critical criminologists to foster and engage in a process of public, intellectual, and intercultural exchange of ideas about education and educational institutions away from merely rationalistic, one-dimensional and profit-orientated ambitions toward a multitude of exchanges about meanings and purposes of such important socio-cultural and political institutions and processes that shape ＂subjectivities＂, inter-subjectivities and thus entire socio-cultural and political spheres. Such processes and active engagements are crucial to the agenda of critical criminologists, and perhaps most importantly, vital to the continued existence of a critical criminology that understands itself as proper ideology critique.

A Unique and Vivid Way to Oral Class： KISS KIM

This paper introduces a new, unique, and vivid way of oral class teaching methods： KISS KIM, based on the author＇s rich teaching experience and profound theoretical reflections in an attempt to share some knowledge on this respect with other fellow colleagues.

The Sociological Analysis on the Teacher＇ s Notion of Judging Students Based on Achievements

There is a popular notion of teachers that they judge a student according to their score. On this basis, teachers developed a systematical thinking method, perspective and way of act. Currently, teachers arrange seats and interact with students and do many other things according to their score sub-consciously. This phenomenon, however, has a long-standing basis on which the school evaluates teachers and teachers evaluate themselves.

Teaching Large Classes： Problems and Prospects

There is no global definition of what constitutes a large class. The literature, for example, shows large classes as ranging between 25-30 learners in the United Kingdom, more than 35 learners in the US, and 60 or more learners in developing countries. The current study attempted to establish what instructional strategies could be introduced for improvement of teaching learning in the prevailing large classes. A review of research on teaching of large classes highlighted challenges that both teachers and students experience. Effective teaching and learning throughout the study was conceptualized as that situated within a social constructivist framework. This is a descriptive study in design. The literature component of the study utilized a content analysis methodology with a view to identifying strategies of practical application and potential to facilitate learning in large classes, such as Active Learning, Collaborativb Learning, Cooperative Learning, Inductive Teaching Methods, and novel practices including issues on environment for change are suggested. The empirical data indicated that teachers had devised strategies to cope with the large classes, but these needed further development. The implication for these findings is the need for teacher professional development through reflective practice.

格兰西《教会法汇要》对非基督徒法律地位的解释

'教会之外无拯救'。格兰西认识到,非基督徒也可能本能地遵守神法,所以他们的文化和习俗并不是一无可取的,但由于缺乏正确的信仰,他们不可能获得永恒拯救;为了达成正义和保护基督教信仰及道德,神职人员和平信徒必须遵守涉及非基督徒的教会法规。他同时还认识到,有时出于仁爱的赦免与包容更有利于劝化异教徒和促成新信徒信仰的成熟,刻板地遵循法律条文反而是不利的。正义与仁慈应该统合于基督教之爱,也就是对基督徒和非基督徒灵魂拯救的关怀。尽管宽容不应该被用作无视和违反法律的借口,在对待异教徒时,教会于法律的诠释和实施可以有例外,时时宽饶,法外施恩。在迫害成风、人的尊严时时受到践踏、世俗法往往冷酷苛刻的中世纪西欧,格兰西还是努力地给予法律以温情的感觉。由于当时的教会人士,格兰西当然也不例外,对上帝拯救世人这一观念的理解具有时代所赋予的局限性,他们对非基督徒的'爱',在我们今天看来,仍然未免狭隘和带着歧视的色彩。以'爱'这种抽象和普遍的法外的价值观凌驾于具体法律条文之上的方法,在格兰西《教会法汇要》中得到了经典的展现,而且至今仍然具有重大的意义。

中外法制历史比较研究刍议(下)

2.专制主义的强烈影响中国自公元前221年秦灭六国,建立了统一的专制主义中央集权的王朝,直到1911年辛亥革命推翻大清帝国,专制主义的统治经历了两千多年。而西方至5世纪才建立了中世纪的法兰克王国。法兰克王国在著名的查理大帝统治下,也只维持了半个世纪的统一。在他死后帝国便一分为三,陷入了长期的分裂与混乱,直到829年才将对峙并立的七个王国结成一体。

法律与文学——以但丁之名

披上天主正义的披肩,在你头上戴上永生者的冠冕[……]给你起名永远叫《正义的和平》和《虔敬的荣光》。(《巴路克》5章,2~3行)《神曲》是文学史上最伟大的一场虚拟审判:在这场'现实之外'对现实与历史的著名审判中,基督与圣母玛利亚是唯一的辩护人,而但丁尝试在作为法官的上帝面前,记录下其认识与经历。在这一场对过去、现在和未来历史的审判中,但丁搁置了对神学教义的严格阐释,因卡图对自由.

从万民法到万国法——论欧洲中世纪到近代早期“国际法”理论的嬗变

本文通过分析欧洲中世纪和近代早期法律著作的文本,探析中世纪万民法(ius gentium)向近代早期万国法(ius inter gentes)转变背后的深层次问题。中世纪万民法概念发展很大程度上依赖教会法学家的努力,他们通过将罗马法文本与社会现实相结合,推进了万民法概念的发展,而背后的本质问题其实是教权和皇权之争。在所谓基督教王国(Res publica Christiana)的法权结构和地理空间瓦解后,欧洲近代的法学家和哲学家在“主权”与“国家”概念的基础上,通过几方面的努力,再造出了新型的近代万国法。

SPECIAL ISSUE： RULE OF LAW--CHINA AND THE WORLD International Rule of Law and Methodological Innovation

The practice of the international rule of law needs a theoretical guide, and the formulation of the theory of international law has to depend upon practice, which imposes new requirement upon the methodology of international law. Traditional research into legal doctrine is unfavorable to the creative exertion of international jurisprudence, and the research methods of social sciences are playing an increasingly important role in the methodological innovation of international law. From the perspective of promotion of the international rule of law, the study of international law needs to deep research a State＇s motives, cause and innate logic in observing international aw, and law and economics can show its capability in this field. For the international rule of law, basic research needs to be carried about such social surroundings as where the rules are produced and applied and exerting influences. The research method of the sociology of law exactly hits the point. The application of empirical and experimental research methods offers a beforehand ＂rehearsal＂ chance for the process of the rule of law to grasp the pros and cons in the planning andpractice of the rule of law. The cooperation between the research methods of social science and the traditional research method of international law can reasonably interpret the phenomena of international relations and promote the international rule of law.