教学临摹:教师走向教育精通之路

教学临摹是一种教师系统模仿心仪名师的课堂教学活动并将其神髓再现于自己课堂的教学形式,它以名师课堂教学实录(录像或视频)为临摹的“法课”,通过选、读、摹—临、思等步骤而实施教学实践与研修,具有“心仪”“法课”“系统”“再现”四个特点。现代信息技术为教学临摹提供了技术基础,动力定型理论、示范学习理论、反省思维理论与教师教育智慧理论提供了理论基础。教学临摹的实施需要学校支持、教研组协调和教师主动参与其中。教学临摹为教师教学专业研修提供了具体标准和反省工具,有助于教师形成教学风格、促进教师专业快速成长,是教师由“入课”到“出课”、由“亦步亦趋”的形似到“融会贯通”的神似,继而通向教育精通境界的旅程,也是学校创新教研方式、提高育人质量的有效途径。

博雅教育视域下精通与博通教育模式的分析

在如何达到知识融会贯通的方法和路径上有着精通和博通的区别。古典博雅教育强调以古希腊文和拉丁文阅读经典的文史哲名著,通过深度的阅读与解读达到"自由人"的修养,此为精通模式;现代博雅教育主张教育内容不仅限于文史哲知识,所有知识都具有博雅的价值,通过兼容文理科的课程体系来达到博雅教育的目的,此为博通模式。哲学家甘阳在中山大学的博雅教育改革主张回到古典博雅教育,物理学家钱致榕在台湾政治大学进行的博雅教育改革主张回归现代生活,这是现代精通与博通模式的案例。精通与博通路径不同,一个在于"精",一个在于"博",其共同点在于"通";无论是精通还是博通,它们的共同归属是其教育理念与方法都需要回到"自由教育"的原初意义,即教育是为了人的自由发展,所教的知识应成为学生的"自由知识"和"个性化的知识",并合理建构其知识结构。

Theoretical Perspective of Social Entrepreneurship： A Study of Determinants of Social Entrepreneurship in the Context of Saudi Arabia

The present paper discusses the different theories on entrepreneurship in general and social entrepreneurship in particular to investigate the different determinants of social entrepreneurship in the context of Saudi Arabia. The present research is a conceptual study. The data were collected to analyze the entrepreneurship theories in Saudi Arabia＇s context. The data related to entrepreneurship spirit, perception of society towards entrepreneurship, and other macroeconomic indicators are collected from different research journals, websites of different corporate houses, and government sources to analyze the social entrepreneurship theories, such as failure thesis, interdependence theories, welfare state theory, supply-side theory, entrepreneurship education, etc.. The theoretical hypothesis of interdependence theory, entrepreneurship spirit, and general education and the theoretical analysis of this paper in light of Saudi Arabia are in line with the theory. But the hypothesis generated out of failure thesis theory, welfare state theory, entrepreneurship education, and individualistic and collective society culture is not in line with these theories.