Located in the cold and very cold semiarid steppe climate zone, North Dakota boasts not only long cold winters but also hot summers, which significantly increases the energy consumption of buildings. In fact, North Da...Located in the cold and very cold semiarid steppe climate zone, North Dakota boasts not only long cold winters but also hot summers, which significantly increases the energy consumption of buildings. In fact, North Dakota has the highest energy consumption per capita in residential buildings （101 MM Btu in 2013）, and its energy consumption per capita in commercial buildings ranks the second （l 18 MM Btu in 2013） in the nation. When humans spend a long time indoors to escape the inclement weather, their health will be more susceptible to the indoor environment. In addition, North Dakota has the 3rd least number of green buildings certified by LEED （Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design） in the nation. This paper aims to investigate the status quo of buildings with respect to energy, health and sustainability in North Dakota, and attempts to propose strategies regarding research and higher education to rectify the current issues. These strategies include but not limited to forming the architectural engineering program, a comprehensive and interdisciplinary program in buildings.展开更多
After the creation of the Law 9.394/96, which established the bases of Brazilian education, it is noted that government policies initiated at Fernando Henrique Cardoso （FHC） government reinforced the education decen...After the creation of the Law 9.394/96, which established the bases of Brazilian education, it is noted that government policies initiated at Fernando Henrique Cardoso （FHC） government reinforced the education decentralization process, combining higher education reform with state reform ruled by neoliberal policies. The literature about Higher Education contemporary problems points to three central themes： access to higher education, academic organization, and public universities privatization. Therefore, it is important to analyze the public space of relationship between state and civil society constituted for making decisions in this area because its deliberations directly affect public policy development. This paper aims to examine the capacity of Higher Education Chamber （CES） of the National Education Council （CNE） to consolidate civil society participation in decision-making issues concerning Higher Education in the period that includes 1997-2002, The CNE was selected because it is the highest forum for participation： it discusses the problems involved in national education, especially in higher education, whose decisions are taken by CES. The period 1997-2002 was defined because it is the period of President FHC government, after the creation of Law 9.394/96. The official documents and Council documents analysis showed that this public space consolidates the participation because there is an educational process of recognition of civil society issues, although there are restrictions imposed by the government.展开更多
文摘Located in the cold and very cold semiarid steppe climate zone, North Dakota boasts not only long cold winters but also hot summers, which significantly increases the energy consumption of buildings. In fact, North Dakota has the highest energy consumption per capita in residential buildings （101 MM Btu in 2013）, and its energy consumption per capita in commercial buildings ranks the second （l 18 MM Btu in 2013） in the nation. When humans spend a long time indoors to escape the inclement weather, their health will be more susceptible to the indoor environment. In addition, North Dakota has the 3rd least number of green buildings certified by LEED （Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design） in the nation. This paper aims to investigate the status quo of buildings with respect to energy, health and sustainability in North Dakota, and attempts to propose strategies regarding research and higher education to rectify the current issues. These strategies include but not limited to forming the architectural engineering program, a comprehensive and interdisciplinary program in buildings.
文摘After the creation of the Law 9.394/96, which established the bases of Brazilian education, it is noted that government policies initiated at Fernando Henrique Cardoso （FHC） government reinforced the education decentralization process, combining higher education reform with state reform ruled by neoliberal policies. The literature about Higher Education contemporary problems points to three central themes： access to higher education, academic organization, and public universities privatization. Therefore, it is important to analyze the public space of relationship between state and civil society constituted for making decisions in this area because its deliberations directly affect public policy development. This paper aims to examine the capacity of Higher Education Chamber （CES） of the National Education Council （CNE） to consolidate civil society participation in decision-making issues concerning Higher Education in the period that includes 1997-2002, The CNE was selected because it is the highest forum for participation： it discusses the problems involved in national education, especially in higher education, whose decisions are taken by CES. The period 1997-2002 was defined because it is the period of President FHC government, after the creation of Law 9.394/96. The official documents and Council documents analysis showed that this public space consolidates the participation because there is an educational process of recognition of civil society issues, although there are restrictions imposed by the government.
