碎石堆小行星的散体动力学建模与仿真方法综述

探测小行星将是未来几十年内航天界的研究热点.现有资料表明小行星多为疏松多孔的碎石堆结构,易受探测活动的影响而破碎瓦解,因此对其探测必须先进行动力学建模,研究探测活动与小行星结构的相互作用,确保探测任务顺利执行.在中国即将开展小行星探测任务的背景下,调研分析了散体动力学的研究和发展情况;并根据国内外的相关研究,对目前碎石堆小行星动力学模型与数值模拟方法的研究进行了综述;最后,结合小行星探测的应用背景,总结了小行星散体动力学模型中需解决的关键问题.

爆破拆除科技发展及多体—离散体动力学

多体—离散体动力学是爆破拆除科技理论发展的新阶段。研究描述了建筑物爆破拆除科技的发展历程,定义了建筑物倒塌动力学及包含的多体—离散体动力学,突出了与传统多体的不同特点,建立了动力学方程,列举出典型拆除动力学方程实例,求取其解析解和近似解,提出动力学方程的相似性及无量纲规整应用,实现了变拓扑多体—离散体动力学的全局仿真,阐明了与方程运算参数有关的破损材料力学和混凝土构件冲击动力学。应用多体动力学,可简便地将拆除模型导出各类建筑结构各种倒塌方式的切口尺寸、爆堆形态、后坐下坐、起爆次序和分段时差等无量纲表达,为高大建(构)筑物选择合理的倒塌方式、拆除措施和切口参数提供了完整理论和简单实用算法,实现了对爆破拆除的精确控制。

走向爆破滑动筑坝的基础理论──散体动力学理论

本文依据散体动力学的基本理论，研究爆滑筑坝和指出了用该理论研究爆筑筑坝的方向．

基于散体动力学理论的掘进机星轮装载机构研究

为了解决掘进机星轮对物料推力过失,物料因惯性而不随轮齿同步运动的问题,运用散体动力学理论分析掘进机装载机构的星轮轮齿推移物料的运动过程。建立力学和数学模型,推导出掘进机星轮机构装载过程中保持物料稳定运行的推力计算公式和轮齿许用加速度范围;并用计算机模拟轮齿推力与轮齿参数的关系,提出了轮齿推移物料的动力学模型和方程,为星轮装载机构的设计和研究提供了参考依据。

基于散体动力学的全尾砂振动脱水机理试验研究

脱水效率是影响全尾砂非胶结充填体稳定性的关键因素之一。基于散体动力学理论,分析了全尾砂非胶结充填体的振动脱水机理,研究不同振动脱水方式下全尾砂非胶结充填体脱水效率的变化规律。试验结果表明:全尾砂散体骨架在振动应力波的影响下产生垂直应力和剪切应力,其中剪切应力是破坏散体原有结构的关键因素,相比非振动脱水,固结后振动累计脱水量提升了10%;全过程振动累计脱水量提升了27%,脱水时间减小了83%,但尾砂流失量大;间歇性振动累计脱水量提升了18%,脱水时间减少了50%,尾砂流失量较大,但间歇性振动相比全过程振动的尾砂流失量降低了50%,间歇性振动是振动脱水的最佳方式,不仅可以提高脱水效率,同时也可降低尾砂流失,保证脱水效果。

振动摩擦机理及其非线性动力学特性

本文揭示了振动工况下散体物料的振动摩擦机理,给出了振动参数与土壤内摩擦力的关系曲线,并用数值试验方法模拟了复杂的振动摩擦压实过程,分别给出了振频和振幅对土壤孔隙比和轴向应力均值的关系曲线,验证了振动压实减摩机理的正确性.结果表明:松散物料在振动工况下,其颗粒间的摩擦力由静摩擦力转变为动摩擦力,随着振频和振幅的增加,摩擦阻力减小,从而土的内摩擦力减小,并且存在最优的振动强度使土壤在振动压实过程中的内摩擦力最小.建立了基于振动压路机的振动摩擦系统非线性动力学模型,利用渐进法得到了振动压实过程的共振响应和非共振响应.

低速溅射小行星表面采样的动力学仿真

开发了适用于小行星环境的大规模三维离散元程序DEMBody,针对低速射弹溅射表层风化层的小行星采样方案,仿真了相同质量不同形状的射弹在微重力环境下垂直射入颗粒床的过程,研究了溅射物质在采样器中的运动历程及最终收集质量与射弹形状的关系。结果表明,90°锥形射弹的采样效率最高。

输送带端部往复式采样机的设计与性能分析

针对煤炭生产矿井出矿原煤质量控制以及部分不具备带式输送机中部机械化采制样系统安装条件场合的需要,阐述研制输送带端部煤炭机械化采制样系统的意义。根据输送带端部的工况环境和安装条件,设计输送带端部往复式采样机,并介绍了端部往复式采样机的结构与组成。然后对输送带端部斜抛煤流进行分析,求解了采样机料斗开口安装位置、倾角等参数同带式输送机参数间的关系,并计算了煤流对料斗的冲击力。最后,推导了端部采样机所采初级子样质量的表达式。研究结果可为端部采样机的结构设计和在具体场合中的安装运用提供依据。

掘进机输送刮板载荷的模拟研究

主要研究了掘进机刮板运输物料时所受的冲击载荷,利用散体力学的基本理论,建立散体物料的力学模型以及数学模型,并通过离散元分析软件PFC3D仿真模拟,得到刮板所受载荷变化曲线,分析了刮板载荷变化情况,为掘进机刮板输送机构设计研究奠定了理论基础。

Hydrodynamic Instabilities Driven by Acid-base Neutralization Reaction in Immiscible System

The hydrodynamic instabilities driven by an acid-base neutralization reaction, in contact along a plane interface, placed in a Hele-Shaw cell under the gravitational field are reported. The system consists of the heavier aqueous tetramethyle-ammonium hydroxide below the lighter layer of organic phase with propionic acid as reacting specie. The effect of chemical composition on hydrodynamic instabilities during interfacial mass transfer accompanied by a neutralization reaction is investigated. Depending on the initial concentration of the reacting species, Marangoni convection in the form of roll ceils or trains of waves is observed. Mach- Zehnder interferometer is used to measure the change in base concentration at the time of instability formation. The results show that the instabilities resulted from the convection flow are more efficient to the mechanism of mass transfer and can drastically alter pattern formation in the system.

The Resident Time Distribution of Injected Dispersed Drops in Stirred Extraction Columns

A resident time model is proposed to evaluate the performance of agitated extraction columns. In this model, the resident time of dispersed drops is simulated with the discrete phase modeling, where the continuous phase and the dispersed phase （drops） are described by the single-phase Navier-Stokes （turbulence） model and Lagrangian model, respectively. The interaction of dispersed phase and continuous phase is neglected for the low concentration of drop in the cases studied. The statistical parameters of drops （the average resident time and standard deviation） under different operation conditions are computed for four columns. The relation of the above statistical parameters with the performance of columns is discussed and the criterions for an optimal compartment are outlined. Our results indicate that the resident time model is useful to evaluate the performance and optimize the design of extraction columns.

Three-dimensional unsteady squeezing flow with irreversibility

This exploration examines unsteady magnetohydrodynamic(MHD) three-dimensional flow of viscous material between rotating plates subject to radiation,Joule heating and chemical reaction.The non-linear partial differential system is re-structured into the ordinary differential expressions by the implication of appropriate transformations.The developed differential equations are computed by homotopy analysis technique.Numerical consequences have been accomplished by various values of emerging parameters.Coefficients of skin friction and heat and mass transfer rates have been scrutinized.Irreversibility analysis is carried out.Influence of various prominent variables on entropy generation is presented.Moreover,the temperature increases for higher Dufour number and concentration distribution reduces against Soret number.Higher squeezing parameter enhances velocity while concentration reduces with an increment in squeezing parameter.Both entropy rate and Bejan number increase against higher diffusion parameter.

Numerical simulation and optimization design of the EGR cooler in vehicle

The EGR (exhaust gas recirculation) technique can greatly reduce the NOx emission of diesel engines, especially when an EGR cooler is employed. Numerical simulations are applied to study the flow field and temperature distributions inside the EGR cooler. Three different models of EGR cooler are investigated, among which model A is a traditional one, and models B and C are improved by adding a helical baffle in the cooling area. In models B and C the entry directions of cooling water are different, which mostly influences the flow resistance. The results show that the improved structures not only lengthen the flow path of the cooling water, but also enhance the heat exchange rate between the cool and hot media. In conclusion we suggest that the improved structures are more powerful than the traditional one.

Diffusion of chemically reactive species in third grade fluid flow over an exponentially stretching sheet considering magnetic field effects

This article addresses the magnetohydrodynamics(MHD) flow of a third grade fluid over an exponentially stretching sheet. Analysis is carried out in the presence of first order chemical reaction. Both cases of constructive and destructive chemical reactions are reported. Convergent solutions of the resulting differential systems are presented in series forms. Characteristics of various sundry parameters on the velocity, concentration, skin friction and local Sherwood number are analyzed and discussed.

Investigation of droplet breakup in liquid–liquid dispersions by CFD–PBM simulations：The influence of the surfactant type

The accurate prediction of the droplet size distribution(DSD)in liquid–liquid turbulent dispersions is of fundamental importance in many industrial applications and it requires suitable kernels in the population balance model.When a surfactant is included in liquid–liquid dispersions,the droplet breakup behavior will change as an effect of the reduction of the interfacial tension.Moreover,also the dynamic interfacial tension may be different with respect to the static,due to the fact that the surfactant may be easily desorbed from the droplet surface,generating additional disruptive stresses.In this work,the performance of five breakup kernels from the literature is assessed,to investigate their ability to predict the time evolution of the DSD and of the mean Sauter diameter,when different surfactants are employed.Simulations are performed with the Quadrature Method of Moments for the solution of the population balance model coupled with the two-fluid model implemented in the compressible Two Phase Euler Foam solver of the open-source computational fluid dynamics(CFD)code Open FOAM v.2.2.x.The time evolution of the mean Sauter diameter predicted by these kernels is validated against experimental data for six test cases referring to a stirred tank with different types of surfactants(Tween 20 and PVA 88%)at different concentrations operating under different stirrer rates.Our results show that for the dispersion containing Tween 20 additional stress is generated,the multifractal breakup kernel properly predicts the DSD evolution,whereas two other kernels predict too fast breakup of droplets covered by adsorbed PVA.Kernels derived originally for bubbles completely fail.

Modeling the influence of forced ventilation on the dispersion of droplets ejected from roadheader-mounted external sprayer

In order to reveal the influence of forced ventilation on the dispersion of droplets ejected from roadheader-mounted external sprayer,the paper studies the air-flowing field and the droplet distribution under the condition of gentle breeze and normal forced ventilation in heading face using the particle tracking technology of computational fluid dynamics(CFD).The results show that air-flowing tendency in the same section presents great comparability in the period of gentle breeze and forced ventilation,and the difference mainly embodies in the different wind velocity.The influence of ventilation on the dispersion of droplets is faint under the gentle breeze condition.The droplet can be evenly distributed around the cutting head.However,under the normal forced ventilation,a large number of droplets will drift to the return air side.At the same time,droplet clusters are predominantly presented in the lower part of windward side and the middle of the leeward side around the cutting head.In contrast,the droplet concentration in other parts around cutting head decreases a lot and the droplets are unable to form close-grained mist curtain.So the dust escape channel is formed.In addition,the simulation results also reveal that the disturbance of air flow on the droplet distribution can be effectively relieved when using ventilation duct with Coanda effect(VDCE).Field experiment results show that the dust suppression efficiency of total dust and respirable dust increases respectively by 10.5%and 9.3%when using VDCE,which proves that it can weaken the influence of airflow on droplet dispersion.

Experiment and simulation of diffusion of micron-particle in porous ceramic vessel

The general behavior of micron-particles in the inner domain of porous ceramic vessel was simulated by computational fluid dynamics software in terms of sampling experimental data.The results show that there is an optimum porosity of 0.32 to get a higher efficiency and lower pressure drop during filtration.According to the results of simulation and experiment,it is evident that lower inlet velocity can maintain lower pressure drop and obtain higher collection efficiency and inlet concentration also has a crucial influence on the collection efficiency.The collection efficiency of equipment increases significantly with the increase of inlet concentration when the inlet concentration is less than 6.3 g/m3,but it gradually tends to be stable in the range of 97.3%-99.7%when the inlet concentration is over this concentration.

Dust dispersion and management in underground mining faces

Presence of fine dust in air causes serious health hazard for mine operators resulting in such serious problems as coal workers’pneumoconiosis and silicosis.Major sources of dust appear of course along the mining face where the minerals are extracted.Proper control and management are required to ensure safe working environment in the mine.Here,we utilize the computational fluid dynamic(CFD)approach to evaluate various methods used for mitigating dust dispersion from the mining face and for ensuring safe level of dust concentration in the mine tunnel for safety of the operators.The methods used include:application of blowing and exhaust fans,application of brattice and combination of both.The results suggest that among the examined methods,implementation of appropriately located brattice to direct the flow from the main shaft to the mining face is the most effective method to direct dust particles away from the mining face.

A novel contour design technique of super/hypersonic nozzle diverging section with sharing throat

A straightforward technique has been developed to quickly determine the wall contour of super/hypersonic nozzles working at multiply Mach number which share a common throat section.Mach number distribution along the centerline of the nozzle is specified in advance and divided into two sections,both of which are described by the b-spline function.The first section is shared by different exit Mach number nozzles.The nozzle contour is determined by the method of characteristics plus boundary layer correction.An example of this design method is employed to illustrate the technique with a computational fluid dynamics calculation.The simulation results indicate that desired Mach numbers are obtained at the nozzle exit,and the good flow quality is attained for different nozzles within δMa/Ma<±0.56% in the flow core region.This technique improves the design precision of the converging-diverging nozzle,cancels waves completely,and achieves nozzles with multiple Mach number exiting which share a common throat section.