谈数学模拟计算法在车辆事故预测中的运用

车辆事故的预防重在预测,做好车辆事故的预测工作,可使我们进一步掌握行车安全的主动权,减少车辆事故的发生,降低人员伤亡和经济损失。在车辆事故预测中运用数学模拟计算,可为预测车辆事故提供更为精确的数据和更为科学的依据,必将为车辆事故的预防工作开创一个美好的未来。

船舶碰撞后运动趋势的模拟计算

本文首先应用明诺斯基(Minorsky)一维碰撞理论,扩展为多自由度模型,描述船舶在碰撞瞬间的能量和运动的转化。以确定两船碰撞后运动的初始条件。船舶碰撞结束之后,开始进入惯性运动阶段,再以日本MMG小组提出的船舶操纵性数学模型为基础,根据基本物理定理,建立两船在互为约束条件下的运动数学模型,计算碰撞后两船的运动过程。最后,在可能出现的各种碰撞格局下进行模拟试验,确定比较符合实际的碰撞前的初始运动状态,为事故分析提供依据。研究表明,用此种模拟计算方法,能较好地计算出船舶碰撞后的运动过程,是一种分析碰撞事故的有效方法。

松辽盆地徐家围子断陷深层天然气成因类型及各种成因气贡献

徐家围子断陷深层首次发现以腐泥型气为主的有机成因天然气,不同地区深层天然气成因类型及各种成因气的贡献成为研究重点。采集徐家围子断陷29口井35件深层天然气和26口井33件深层烃源岩样品,采用组分碳同位素和轻烃指纹色谱方法分析天然气和烃源岩样品,实验研究认为深层天然气主要为腐殖型气、腐泥型气、有机深源气3种成因组成的混合气,无机成因烷烃气的贡献较小。首次提出了多种有机成因类型天然气贡献定量测试方法并进行了实验验证,采用天然气甲烷碳同位素、乙烷碳同位素和甲基环己烷指数、环己烷指数、脂烃族参数5个成因类型指标,确定了腐殖型气、腐泥型气、有机深源气的5个成因类型指标端元值,利用天然气的混合配比性建立成因类型指标地球化学模型,采用非线性数学模拟方法建立计算模板,首次定量测试了徐家围子断陷深层天然气样品中3种有机成因气的定量贡献。实验结果表明,徐家围子断陷深层天然气除昌德气藏芳深1井、芳深2井有机深源气贡献为81%外,其他井的腐殖型气、腐泥型气和有机深源气平均贡献分别为62.45%、25.51%、12.02%;不同地区及井段的腐殖型气、腐泥型气和有机深源气贡献有差别,升平—汪家屯地区平均贡献分别为61.63%、20.94%、17.29%,昌德地区平均贡献分别为73.74%、14.48%、11.77%,兴城—徐东地区及断陷中东部平均贡献分别为51.98%、40.99%、7.01%。从断陷北部到中部即从升平—汪家屯、昌德到兴城—徐东地区有机深源气贡献减少、腐泥型气贡献增大,部分井段腐泥型气贡献超过43%且为主要贡献,个别井段腐泥型气贡献最大达74%,与断陷中东部烃源岩Ⅱ型有机质相对发育及断陷地层地质特征相吻合,呈现主要来源于下伏气源岩和天然气藏以垂向运移为主、侧向运移为辅的源岩控型成藏特征。

合采井储气分层产能测试及动态监测天然气烃指纹色谱方法——以松辽盆地北部徐家围子断陷徐深1井为例

提出并确立了合采井储气分层产能贡献的天然气烃指纹色谱测试理论和测试及模拟计算方法,并在松辽盆地北部徐家围子断陷的徐深1井进行了试验验证,将由徐深1井获得的储气分层天然气样品,利用天然气烃指纹色谱方法检测,通过选择特征烃指纹参数来表征各储气分层及天然气；将合采的3个储气分层天然气样品按一定模式混合配比,得到特征烃指纹与不同贡献率之间的对应关系,即建立烃指纹模型参数,用非线性神经网络学习算法训练建立测试模板；再经过测试模板的回归计算、实验室校验及现场测试结果对比的可靠性验证,完成了徐深1井合采天然气3个储气分层产能贡献的定量测试．与分层试气结果对比的绝对误差最大为6%,验证了合采井天然气储气分层产能测试烃指纹色谱方法的有效性,为解决制约天然气勘探及开发生产中储气分层产能评价测试及动态监测的技术瓶颈提供了有效途径．

前言

前言１研究内容与技术要求１９９１年１０月，华东师范大学“长江河口水环境现状调查”课题组为了了解上海市市政建设局拟建的日排污水５１０万ｔ的上海南区白龙港深水污水排海扩建工程对海洋环境质量的影响，委托国家海洋局第二海洋研究所通过现场调查和数学模拟计算，研...

Calculation of Metzner Constant for Double Helical Ribbon Impeller by Computational Fluid Dynamic Method

Using the multiple reference frames （MRF） impeller method, the three-dimensional non-Newtonian flow field generated by a double helical ribbon （DHR） impeller has been simulated. The velocity field calculated by the numerical simulation was similar to the previous studies and the power constant agreed well with the experimental data. Three computational fluid dynamic （CFD） methods, labeled Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ, were used to compute the Metzuer constant k5. The results showed that the calculated value from the slop method （method Ⅰ） was consistent with the experimental data. Method Ⅱ, which took the maximal circumference-average shear rate around the impeller as the effective shear rate to compute ks, also showed good agreement with the experiment. However, both methods suffer from the complexity of calculation procedures. A new method （method Ⅲ） was devised in this paper to use the area-weighted average viscosity around the impeller as the effective viscosity for calculating k5. Method Ⅲ showed both good accuracy and ease of use.

欧洲北美ADI的最新进展

介绍了国外ADI的最新进展,一些研究发展趋势,ADI产品在机械行业的分布情况,ADI专业热处理厂和ADI重要生产厂的发展,CADI的最新进展,以及ADI生产的计算机数学模型。

A Practical Approach of Developing Mathematical Model for All Speed Governors

The paper introduced a special approach for diesel’s all-speed-governor modeling, which, in some cases, could solve the knotty problem frequently met in computer simulation of diesel propulsion system or diesel generating set. Suppose that it is hard to get a control-oriented governor mathematical model when the general approaches, the analytical approach or the experimental approach, are applied, and that an open-loop step response of the diesel engine and its system is available by means of computer simulation, the critical three parameters of a governor mathematical model, the proportional gain K_p, integral time constant K_i, and derivative time constant K_d, can be determined by use of PID tuning method which are widely applied in industrial process control. This paper discussed the train of thought of the approach, precondition, procedure, several modifications of the classical PID model, and some points for attention. A couple of case studies were given to demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach.

CFD prediction of physical field for multi-air channel pulverized coal burner in rotary kiln

A 3-D numerical simulation with CFX software on physical field of multi-air channel coal burner in rotary kiln was carried out. The effects of various operational and structural parameters on flame feature and temperature distribution were investigated. A thermal measurement was conducted on a rotary kiln (4.5m in diameter, 90m in length) with four-air channel coal burner to determine the boundary conditions and to verify the simulation results. The calculation result shows that the distribution of velocity near burner exit is saddle-like; recirculation zones near nozzle and wall are useful for mixture primary air with coal and high temperature fume. A little central airflow can avoid coal backing up and cool nozzle. Adjusting the ratio of internal airflow to outer airflow is an effective and major means to regulate flame and temperature distribution in sintering region. Large whirlcone angle can intensify disturbution range at flame root to accelerate ignition and mixture. Large coal size can reduce high temperature region and result in coal combusting insufficiently. Too much combustion air will lengthen flame and increase heat loss.

Numerical simulation of a gas pipeline network using computational fluid dynamics simulators

This article describes numerical simulation of gas pipeline network operation using high-accuracy computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulators of the modes of gas mixture transmission through long, multi-line pipeline systems (CFD-simulator). The approach used in CFD-simulators for modeling gas mixture transmission through long, branched, multi-section pipelines is based on tailoring the full system of fluid dynamics equations to conditions of unsteady, non-isothermal processes of the gas mixture flow. Identification, in a CFD-simulator, of safe parameters for gas transmission through compressor stations amounts to finding the interior points of admissible sets described by systems of nonlinear algebraic equalities and inequalities. Such systems of equalities and inequalities comprise a formal statement of technological, design, operational and other constraints to which operation of the network equipment is subject. To illustrate the practicability of the method of numerical simulation of a gas transmission network, we compare computation results and gas flow parameters measured on-site at the gas transmission enter-prise.

Study on Unsteady Hydrodynamic Performance of Propeller in Waves

The speed of a ship sailing in waves always slows down due to the decrease in efficiency of the propeller. So it is necessary and essential to analyze the unsteady hydrodynamic performance of propeller in waves. This paper is based on the numerical simulation and experimental research of hydrodynamics performance when the propeller is under wave conditions. Open-water propeller performance in calm water is calculated by commercial codes and the results are compared to experimental values to evaluate the accuracy of the numerical simulation method. The first-order Volume of Fluid(VOF) wave method in STAR CCM+ is utilized to simulate the three-dimensional numerical wave. According to the above prerequisite, the numerical calculation of hydrodynamic performance of the propeller under wave conditions is conducted, and the results reveal that both thrust and torque of the propeller under wave conditions reveal intense unsteady behavior. With the periodic variation of waves, ventilation, and even an effluent phenomenon appears on the propeller. Calculation results indicate, when ventilation or effluent appears, the numerical calculation model can capture the dynamic characteristics of the propeller accurately, thus providing a significant theory foundation forfurther studying the hydrodynamic performance of a propeller in waves.

Influence of impeller diameter on overall gas dispersion properties in a sparged multi-impeller stirred tank

The impeller configuration with a six parabolic blade disk turbine below two down-pumping hydrofoil propellers, identified as PDT + 2CBY, was used in this study. The effect of the impeller diameter D, ranging from0.30 T to 0.40T(T as the tank diameter), on gas dispersion in a stirred tank of 0.48 m diameter was investigated by experimental and CFD simulation methods. Power consumption and total gas holdup were measured for the same impeller configuration PDT + 2CBY with four different D/T. Results show that with D/T increases from 0.30 to 0.40, the relative power demand(RPD) in a gas–liquid system decreases slightly. At low superficial gas velocity VSof 0.0078 m·s-1, the gas holdup increases evidently with the increase of D/T. However, at high superficial gas velocity, the system with D/T = 0.33 gets a good balance between the gas recirculation and liquid shearing rate, which resulted in the highest gas holdup among four different D/T. CFD simulation based on the two-fluid model along with the Population Balance Model(PBM) was used to investigate the effect of impeller diameter on the gas dispersion. The power consumption and total gas holdup predicted by CFD simulation were in reasonable agreement with the experimental data.

Riser VIV and its numerical simulation

This paper summarizes some of the typical riser vortex-induced vibration （VIV） problems in subsea oil and gas developments, and presents the corresponding computational fluid dynamics （CFD） time domain simula- tion results to address these problems. First, the CFD time domain simulation approach was applied to analyze the wake field behind a stationary cylinder and a vibrating cylinder. Then a vertical riser VIV response under uniform current was studied. The VIV response time histories revealed some valuable clues that could lead to explanation of the higher harmonics. After that, a vertical riser VIV response under shear current was investigated. A 3 000 ft （1 ft=-0.304 8 m） water depth top tensioned riser was sized, and its VIV responses under uniform and shear current were studied. Then this paper continues to discuss one catenary flexible riser VIV response during normal lay. Last, the time domain simulation approach was applied to a partially submerged flexible jumper, to study the jumper VIV behavior, and dynamic motion envelopes. It was demonstrated that the time domain simulation ap- proach is able to disclose details of the flow field, vortex shedding pattern, and riser dynamic behavior, and han- dle different tvoes of risers under different Woe of currents.

Fluent-based numerical simulation of flow centrifugal fan

Testing centrifugal fan flow field by physical laboratory is difficult because the testing system is complex and the workload is heavy, and the results observed by naked-eye deviates far from the actual value. To address this problem, the computational fluid dynamics software FLUENT was applied to establish three-dimensional model of the centrifugal fan. The numeral model was verified by comparing simulation data to experimental data. The pressure centrifugal fan and the speed changes in distribution in centrifugal fan was simulated by computational fluid dynamics soft-ware FLUENT. The simulation results show that the gas flow velocity in the impeller increases with impeller radius increase. Static pressure gradually increases when gas from the fan access is imported through fan impeller leaving fans.

Numerical simulation of the hydrodynamics within octagonal tanks in recirculating aquaculture systems

A three-dimensional numerical model was established to simulate the hydrodynamics within an octagonal tank of a recirculating aquaculture system. The realizable k-e turbulence model was applied to describe the flow, the discrete phase model （DPM） was applied to generate particle trajectories, and the governing equations are solved using the finite volume method. To validate this model, the numerical results were compared with data obtained from a full-scale physical model. The results show that： （1） the realizable k-e model applied for turbulence modeling describes well the flow pattern in octagonal tanks, giving an average relative error of velocities between simulated and measured values of 18% from contour maps of velocity magnitudes; （2） the DPM was applied to obtain particle trajectories and to simulate the rate of particle removal from the tank. The average relative error of the removal rates between simulated and measured values was 11%. The DPM can be used to assess the self-cleaning capability of an octagonal tank; （3） a comprehensive account of the hydrodynamics within an octagonal tank can be assessed from simulations. The velocity distribution was uniform with an average velocity of 15 cm/s; the velocity reached 0.8 m/s near the inlet pipe, which can result in energy losses and cause wall abrasion; the velocity in tank corners was more than 15 cm/s, which suggests good water mixing, and there was no particle sedimentation. The percentage of particle removal for octagonal tanks was 90% with the exception of a little accumulation of 〈5 mm particle in the area between the inlet pipe and the wall. This study demonstrated a consistent numerical model of the hydrodynamics within octagonal tanks that can be further used in their design and optimization as well as promote the wide use of computational fluid dynamics in aquaculture engineering.

Dynamics and Control of Infectious Diseases in Stochastic Metapopulation Models

The research on spatial epidemic models is a topic of considerable recent interest. In another hand, the advances in computer technology have stimulated the development of stochastic models. Metapopulation models are spatial designs that involve movements of individuals between distinct subpopulations. The purpose of the present work has been to develop stochastic models in order to study the transmission dynamics and control of infectious diseases in metapopulations. The authors studied Susceptible-Infected-Susceptible （SIS） and Susceptible-lnfected-Recovered （SIR） epidemic schemes, using the Gillespie algorithm, Computational numerical simulations were carried in order to explore the models. The results obtained show how the dynamics of transmission and the application of control measures within each subpopulation may affect all subpopulations of the system. They also show how the distribution of control measures among subpopulations affects the efficacy of these strategies. The dynamics of the stochastic models developed in the current study follow the trends observed in the classic deterministic designs. Also, the present models exhibit fluctuating behavior. This work highlights the importance of the spatial distribution of the population in spread and control of infectious diseases. In addition, it shows how chance could play an important role in these scenarios.

Numerical simulation of the pulsing air separation field based on CFD

The flow field of pulsing air separation is normally in an unsteady turbulence state.With the application of the basic principles of multiphase turbulent flows,we established the dynamical computational model,which shows a remarkable variation of the unstable pulsing air flow field.CFD(computational fluid dynamics) was used to conduct the numerical simulation of the actual geometric model of the classifier.The inside velocity of the flowing fields was analyzed later.The simulation results indicate that the designed structure of the active pulsing air classifier provided a favorable environment for the separation of the particles with different physical characters by density.We shot the movement behaviors of the typical tracer grains in the active pulsing flow field using a high speed dynamic camera.The displacement and velocity curves of the particles in the continuous impulse periods were then analyzed.The experimental results indicate that the effective separation by density of the particles with the same settling velocity and different ranges of the density and particle size can be achieved in the active pulsing airflow field.The experimental results provide an agreement with the simulation results.

Numerical simulation of fixed bed reactor for oxidative coupling of methane over monolithic catalyst

A three-dimensional geometric model was set up for the oxidative coupling of methane(OCM) fixed bed reactor loaded with Na_3PO_4-Mn/SiO_2/cordierite monolithic catalyst,and an improved Stansch kinetic model was established to calculate the OCM reactions using the computational fluid dynamics method and Fluent software.The simulation conditions were completely the same with the experimental conditions that the volume velocity of the reactant is 80 ml·min^(-1) under standard state,the CH_4/O_2 ratio is 3 and the temperature and pressure is800 ℃ and 1 atm,respectively.The contour of the characteristic parameters in the catalyst bed was analyzed,such as the species mass fractions,temperature,the heat flux on side wall surface,pressure,fluid density and velocity.The results showed that the calculated values matched well with the experimental values on the conversion of CH4 and the selectivity of products(C_2H_6,C_2H_4,CO,CO_2 and H_2) in the reactor outlet with an error range of±4%.The mass fractions of CH_4 and O_2 decreased from 0.600 and 0.400 at the catalyst bed inlet to 0.445 and0.120 at the outlet,where the mass fractions of C_2H_6,C_2H_4,CO and CO_2 were 0.0245,0.0460,0.0537 and 0.116,respectively.Due to the existence of laminar boundary layer,the mass fraction contours of each species bent upwards in the vicinity of the boundary layer.The volume of OCM reaction was changing with the proceeding of reaction,and the total moles of products were greater than reactants.The flow field in the catalyst bed maintained constant temperature and pressure.The fluid density decreased gradually from 2.28 kg·m^(-3) at the inlet of the catalyst bed to 2.18 kg·m^(-3) at the outlet of the catalyst bed,while the average velocity magnitude increased from 0.108 m·s-1 to 0.120 m·s^(-1).

Computer Simulation of Batch Grinding Process Based on Simulink 5.0

How to use Simulink software in grinding system was studied. The method of designing batch grinding sub- system and the steps of building batch grinding blockset were introduced. Based on batch grinding population balance model, batch grinding was simulated with Simulink. The results show that the simulation system designed with Simulink explain reasonably the impersonal rule of batch grinding. On the basis of batch grinding simulation, the computer simula- tion of mineral processing system with Simulink of grinding and classification, comminution, etc, can be properly ex- plored.