自动化警察执法的法治检视——基于数据控制的视角

自动化技术在警察执法中的应用,带来了一系列的法治隐忧,其行政过程面临着授权机制、组织机制、程序机制、价值机制等各方面的挑战。为此,需要以过程论为框架对自动化警察执法进行重构,以数据-行为的二元控制论代替单一的行为控制论。数据-行为的二元控制论由事前的机制构建、事中的数据过程法治化以及事后的数据关系形成三大要件组成。因此,应从数据权力的源头控制出发,对自动化警察执法的数据基准进行法治审查,同时强化公安机关的数据能力建设,并进一步完善正当行政程序体系与裁量控制体系,构建自动化警察执法的法律监督机制,以实现自动化警察执法的法治化。

First experimental demonstration of an exact quantum search algorithm in nuclear magnetic resonance system

The success probability of searching an objective item from an unsorted database using standard Grover's algorithm is usually not exactly 1. It is exactly 1 only when it is used to find the target state from a database with four items. Exact search is always important in theoretical and practical applications. The failure rate of Grover's algorithm becomes big when the database is small, and this hinders the use of the commonly used divide-and-verify strategy. Even for large database, the failure rate becomes considerably large when there are many marked items. This has put a serious limitation on the usability of the Grover's algorithm. An important improved version of the Grover's algorithm, also known as the improved Grover algorithm, solves this problem. The improved Grover algorithm searches arbitrary number of target states from an unsorted database with full success rate. Here, we give the first experimental realization of the improved Grover algorithm, which finds a marked state with certainty, in a nuclear magnetic resonance system. The optimal control theory is used to obtain an optimized control sequence. The experimental results agree well with the theoretical predictions.