论土地革命时期中共中央争取一省与数省首先胜利的战略

争取一省与数省首先胜利,并不是李立三、王明等人提出的口号与主张,而是土地革命时期中共中央制定并一直坚持的武装斗争战略。这一战略随着土地革命的发展而逐渐明晰和具体,其基本思想内容在土地革命各阶段是一致的,其形成原因是复杂的,有思想根源、理论依据,也有当时特定的政治因素。探讨这一战略,对于我们研究党的早期军事思想和“左”倾错误,具有重大价值。

对红一军团是否执行过“争取湘鄂赣数省首先胜利”方针问题的再讨论——兼析多年前讨论中的几个观点

20多年前,党史学界曾就“毛泽东是否执行过立三路线”展开过一次专门讨论。“红一军团执行过‘争取湘鄂赣数省首先胜利’方针”,这一命题的设定及论证,则是笔者对多年前那次讨论综合思考的一个结果。本文分为论证思路与具体论证两个部分。在具体论证中,对多年前讨论中的几个观点作了必要分析。本文的主要论点有“红一军团执行过‘争取湘鄂赣数省首先胜利’方针”是一个具有特称判断性质的命题(特称命题);判断红一军团的行动性质,应以当时上海中央的有关要求为准;红一军团“长汀出兵”、“进军南昌”、“二打长沙”等行动具有“执行”性质。

明代秦巴山区的流民与资源开发

川、陕、楚、豫数省交边的秦岭一大巴山区是明代最大、最为著名的流民渊薮。有明二百多年间,这里集聚过数百万的流移人口,他们来自四面八方,冲破明朝廷的封禁,或附籍,或无籍落居,甚或被驱逐而后复来,亦有屡屡往返者~①。流民集聚对秦巴山区的影响广泛而且深远,对山区资源的开发是一个非常重要的方面。

Comparative Advantage of Maize Production in Jilin Province

The comparative advantage of maize production in Jilin Province was analyzed based on the sow area index,unit yield index,benefit index and comprehensive comparative advantage index in this study.The results showed that compared with other provinces in China,there was obvious comparative advantage in sow area index and unit yield index of maize in Jilin,the average of which stood for the first and the fourth in China from 2002 to 2006;there was no comparative advantage of benefit index compared with the average value of the whole countries,the average of which stood for the 14th in China from 2002 to 2006;the comprehensive comparative advantage in Jilin provincial maize production showed significant comparative advantage,the average of which stood for the fourth in China from 2002 to 2006.On the basis of the above,the suggestions to develop maize production in Jilin province had been put forward.

Evaluation on Solar Radiation Resource and Photosynthetic and Thermal Potential Productivity in Shandong Province

To evaluate scientifically the change of photosynthetic and thermal potential productivity caused by climate variation,based on comparison with mean of previous 30 years(1971-2000),the change of total solar radiation,sunshine hours,photosynthetic active radiation,photosynthetic and thermal potential productivity since 2001 were analyzed through data of radiation,sunshine and temperature in Shandong Province from 1971 to 2007,and the change trend was also tested by Mann-Kendall non-parametric statistical met...

Failure mechanism and stability analysis of the Zhenggang landslide in Yunnan Province of China using 3D particle flow code simulation

Based on the principle of 3D particle flow code,a numerical landslide run-out model is presented to simulate the failure process of the Zhenggang landslide(in southwestern China) under the effect of water after a rainfall.The relationship between the micro-mechanical parameters and the macro-shear strength of the grain material is determined through numerical calibrations.Then the rainfall effect is considered in numerical simulations and rain-induced sliding processes are performed,which help us to discuss the mechanism of deformation and failure of this landslide together with field observations.It shows the Zhenggang landslide would most likely be activated in Zone I and would gain momentum in Zone II.In order to prevent the potential disaster,a tailing dam is advised to be designed about 175 m downstream from the current landslide boundary of Zone II.Verified by field observations,the presented landslide model can reflect the failure mechanism after rainfall.It can also provide a method to predict the potential disaster and draft disaster prevention measures.

Evolution of the Late Cretaceous Yongfeng-Chongren Basin in Jiangxi Province,southeast China: insights from sedimentary facies analysis and pebble counting

The Gan-Hang Belt in Southeast China is characterized by several igneous and siliciclastic basins associated with crustal extension during Late Mesozoic. The sedimentary evolution of the red basins is still poorly understood. In this study, sedimentary fades analysis and pebble counting were performed on outcrop sections of the Late Cretaceous Guifeng Group in the Yongfeng-Chongren Basin in central Jiangxi Province. Thirty-five conglomerate outcrops were chosen to measure pebble lithology, size, roundness, weathering degree and preferred orientation. Results show that gravels are mostly fine to coarse pebbles and comprise dominantly quartzites, metamorphic rocks, granitoids and sandstones. Rose diagrams based on imbricated pebbles indicate variable paleocurrent directions. Combining with typical sedimentary structures and vertical successions, we suggest that the Guifeng Group were deposited in alluvial fan, river and playa lake depositional systems. The proposed depositional model indicates that the Hekou Formation represents the start-up stage of the faulted basin, accompanied by sedimentation in alluvial fan and braided river environments. Then this basin turned into a stable expansion stage during the deposition of the Tangbian Formation. Except for minor coarse sediments at the basin margin, the other area is covered with fine-grained sediments of lake and river environments. The Lianhe Formation, however, is once again featured by conglomerates, suggesting a probable tectonic event. Therefore, the study region possibly suffered two tectonic events represented by the conglomerates of the Hekou and Lianhe formations in the context of the crustal extension in Southeast China.

Seasonal Variability of Phytoplankton Community Structure in Relation to Different Nitrogen-Phosphorus Ratios in the Southern Coastal Waters of Zhejiang, China

With the rapid development of economy and increase of population in the drainage areas, the nutrient loading has increased dramatically in the Changjiang estuary and adjacent coastal waters. To properly assess the impact of nutrient enrichment on phytoplankton community, seasonal microcosm experiments were conducted during August 2010-July 2011 in the coastal waters of Zhejiang Province. The results of the present study indicated that the chl a concentration, cell abundance, diversity indices, species composition and community succession of the phytoplankton varied significantly with different N/P ratios and seasons. Higher growth was observed in the 64：1 （spring）, 32：1 （summer）, 16：1 （autumn） and 128：1,256：1 （winter） treatments, respectively. The values of Shannon-Wiener index （H） and Pielou evenness index （J） were lower in the 8：1 and 16：1 treatments in autumn test, while H value was higher in the 128：1 and 8：1 treatments in winter test. A definite community succession order from diatoms to dinoflagel lares was observed in the autumn and winter tests, while the diatoms dominated the community throughout the culture in the spring and summer tests.

Spatial Distribution of Integrated Impact Index of Mega-event——A Case Study of Expo '99 Kunming

Taking the affinity between events and media as a conceptualization base, a total of 1032 related news re-ports of Expo '99 Kunming, gathered from the internet data bank of China INFOBANK from 1992 to 2003, are used as data sources. After classifying them with a communication research method-the content analysis, a data bank for SPSS is set up, and a mathematic model called the Integrated Impact Index of Expo '99 Kunming is constituted. With the model, the spatial distribution of the total integrated impacts of Expo '99 Kunming on the regions or cities with different regional scales is analysed quantitatively. The conclusions are: 1) the Expo '99 Kunming made obvious integrated impacts on the regions or cities of every scale, especially in the venue city and the region-Kunming City and Yunnan Province; 2) it had corresponding impacts on other provinces; 3) the spatial distribution of Integrated Impact Index had a disaggregation with both plane extension and spotted decentralization; and 4) there was a distance decay law in all three scales of regions (Kunming City, Yunnan Province and the whole China), which incarnated the spatial extension law of the integrated impact of a special mega-event.

Spatial-temporal Changes of Vegetation Cover in Guizhou Province, Southern China

Guizhou Province is an important karst area in the world and a fragile ecological area in China. Ecological risk assessment is very necessary to be conducted in this region. This study investigates different characteristics of the spatial-temporal changes of vegetation cover in Guizhou Province of Southern China using the data set of SPOT VEGETATION(1999–2015) at spatial resolution of 1-km and temporal resolution of 10-day. The coefficient of variation, the Theil-Sen median trend analysis, and the Mann-Kendall test are used to investigate the spatial-temporal change of vegetation cover and its future trend. Results show that: 1) the spatial distribution pattern of vegetation cover in Guizhou Plateau is high in the east whereas low in the west. The average annual normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) from west to east is higher than that from south to north. 2) Average annual NDVI improved obviously in the past 17 years. The growth rate of average annual NDVI is 0.028/10 yr, which is slower than that of vegetation in the country(0.048/10 yr) from 1998 to 2007. Average annual NDVI in karst area is lower than that in non-karst area. However, the growing rate of average annual NDVI in karst area(0.030/10 yr) is faster than that in non-karst area(0.023/10 yr), indicating that vegetation coverage increases more rapidly in karst area. 3) Vegetation coverage in the study area is stable overall, but fluctuates in the local scales. 4) Vegetation coverage presents a continuous increasing trend. The Hurst exponent of NDVI in different vegetation types has an obvious threshold in various elevations. 5) The proportion of vegetation cover with sustainable increase is higher than that of vegetation cover with sustainable decrease. The improvement in vegetation cover may expand to most parts of the study area.

Temporal and Spatial Variations of ET 0 and Sensitivity Coefficients in Spring-summer in Eastern Agricultural Areas of Qinghai,China

Reference crop evapotranspiration(ET 0) is a key parameter to calculate crop water requirements.In the paper,ET 0 during 1960-2005 was calculated with FAO-56 PM in eastern agricultural areas of Qinghai,China.Then the sensitivity coefficients of ET 0 to meteorological variables were estimated through the nondimensional partial derivative in FAO-56 PM.Results show that the mean annual ET 0 of the whole area is 904 mm,and ET 0 portrays a very significant decrease during the 46 years.In spatial,ET 0 decreases from southeast to northwest,firstly increases then decreases from southwest to northeast.Through sensitivity analysis,in spring the most sensitive variable is relative humidity,while in summer is temperature.The temperature,sunshine duration and wind speed sensitivity coefficients(S(TA),S(n),S(u)) are higher in middle areas as opposed to surrounding areas,while the relative humidity sensitivity coefficient(S(RH)) has an opposite distribution rule.

Effects of Water Quality on the Distribution of Chinese Giant Salamander(Andrias davidianus)in Guizhou Province,China

13 water quality parameters were tested from 38 reaches of 34 counties in Guizhou where Chinese giant salamander(Andrias davidianus) distributed over the past 30 years. Dissolved oxygen and p H were found to be significant determinants of the species distribution in recent years(P<0.05). There was no Chinese giant salamander distribution in the recent five years in rivers with dissolved solids of greater than 415 mg/L, conductivity of greater than 639 us/cm, salinity of greater than 0.31 ppt and total hardness of greater than 150 mg/L. Sensitive to environment, the Chinese giant salamander is an important indicator for environmental quality, so it could be used as one of the environmental indicator. Eutrophication, chemical fertilizer, pesticides and inorganic pollutants may be one of reasons driving wild CGS into extinction.

Modifications on default probability calculation methods of commercial banks in China

This paper analyses two methods of calculating default probability adopted by foreign companies. Then, the paper suggests several methods of calculating loan default probability applicable to commercial banks in China, and gives the inadequacy of historic data in China.

Empirical research on impacted factor of farmer＇s willingness for purchasing information Based on the survey data of Hebei province

Farmer＇s willingness for purchasing information, an important factor of farmer＇s information demand, was analyzed by logit model, according to the survey data of 535 farmers from eleven cities in Hebei province. The result showed that 6 factors had a significant influence on it, that is, education of farmers, per capita income of farmers, the affordability of information risk, the proportion of agricultural labor households, the type of agricultural production and the rural information service stations. On the basis of these, the related policy recommendations were proposed.

Effect of Environmental Gradients on the Quantity and Quality of Fallen Logs in Tsuga longibracteata Forest in Tianbaoyan National Nature Reserve, Fujian Province,China

We investigated the quantity and quality 0f fallen l0gs in different Tsuga l0ngibracteata f0rest c0mmunities in the Tianba0yan Nati0nal Nature Reserve. We used redundancy analysis t0 determine the spatial distributi0n 0f fallen l0gs in the different f0rest c0mmunities and t0 analyze the relati0nships am0ng stand structure, t0p0graphic fact0rs and human disturbance. The v0lume, c0vered area, mean l0g length and number 0f fallen l0gs differed significantly am0ng f0rest types （P 〈 0.05）, but mean diameter at breast height sh0wed n0 significant difference （P 〉 0.05）. The l0g v0lume and c0vered area in different f0rest types sh0wed the f0ll0wing trend： T. l0ngibracteata pure f0rest 〈 T. l0ngibracteata ＋ Olig0staehyum scabrifl0rur 〈 T. l0ngibraeteata ＋ hardw00d 〈 Rh0d0dendr0n simiarum ＋ T. l0ngibraeteata 〈 T. l0ngibraeteata ＋ Phyll0stachys heter0cycla pubescens. The spatial distributi0n patterns 0f l0gs quantity and quality indicated that l0g v0lume and c0vered area were str0ngly affected by envir0nmental fact0rs in the f0ll0wing 0rder： human disturbance 〉 elevati0n 〉 sl0pe p0siti0n 〉 b0le height 〉 tree height 〉 sl0pe aspect 〉 density 〉 basal area 〉 sl0pe gradient. The relative c0ntributi0n 0f envir0nmental variables 0n the t0tal variance was t0p0graphy （76%） 〉 disturbance （42%） 〉 stand structure （35%）. T0p0graphy and disturbance c0mbined explained 8.2% 0f the variance. Fallen l0~s auantitv and aualitvwere negatively related t0 elevati0n and sl0pe p0siti0n, and p0sitively ass0ciated t0 human disturbance. The l0g v0lume decreased fr0m n0rthern t0 s0uthern sl0pes. Envir0nmental fact0rs had the highest impact 0n class I （slightly decayed）, and l0west impact 0n class V （highly decayed）.

Numerical simulation of thermal process and energy saving of lime furnace

Based on the principle of thermal balance and material balance of lime furnace, the reaction and heat transfer process mathematical-physical model and the on-line monitoring model of the decomposition rate of limestone were set up. With this model, numerical simulation is used to analyze the effects of operational parameters on the process of lime calcining and to optimize it. By using visual basic program to communicate and program, the centralized management and automatic control of the lime furnace are realized. The software is put into practical production, which makes the lime furnace operate steadily and efficiently, and causes the increase in output and decrease in energy consumption.

Characteristics of Channeling Flow in Cultivated Horizon of Saline Rice Soil

By applying bromide ion as tracer, the channeling flow has been quantitatively described in saline rice soil and alkaline soil of Da＇an City, Jilin Province of China. Breakthrough curves of bromide ion in the saline rice soils after 1-year cultivation and 5-year cultivation and alkaline soil have been attained. Results show that the rice cultivation practice can improve the alkaline soil structure, however, it can accelerate the development of channeling flow pathway. Therefore, the channeling flow pathway has been developed widely in saline rice soil, but rarely in the alkaline soil. Three models of convection-dispersion equation （CDE）, transfer functional model （TFM） and Back-Progation Network （BP Network） were used to simulate the transportation process of bromide ion. The peaks of probability density function of saline rice soil are higher with left skewed feature compared with that of the alkaline soil. It shows that the TIM and CDE can simulate the transportation process of the bromide ion in saline rice soil after 5-year cultivation, however, some deviation exists when it was used to simulate transportation process of bromide ion in saline rice soil after 1-year cultivation and alkaline soil; BP network can effectively simulate transportation process of bromide ion in both saline rice soil and alkaline soil.

Remote Sensing Monitoring Report of Plant Drought in Shandong Province Based on MODIS Data

Drought stress can affect the growth and development of crops, which can bring huge disaster to crop planting. With the aim to master plant drought condition accurately, an easy and efficient drought monitoring method using remote sensing was constructed through the establishment of the normalized difference vegetation index （NDVI）, which was a kind of universality index, based on the high temporal resolution MODIS data with the summer crops in Shandong Province as the study object, as well as the growing state and drought conditions of the crops judged by observing and analyzing the changes in time and space. The method was fit for the crops during vegetative growth stage, and with simple principle and easy operation, the method was easy for technology promotion.

Summertime community structure of intertidal macrobenthos in Changdao Archipelago,Shandong Province,China

The community structure of intertidal macrobenthos in Changdao Archipelago(north of Shandong Peninsula,between Bohai Bay and the northern Yellow Sea) was examined based on samples collected from 14 stations in five transects in June 2007.Three stations corresponding to high,medium and low tidal areas were set up for each transect.A total of 68 macrobenthic species were found in the research region,most of which belonged to Mollusca and Crustacea.The average abundance and biomass of the macrobenthos was 1 383 ind./m2 and 372.41 g/m2,respectively.The use of an arbitrary similarity level of 20% resulted in identification of five groups among the 14 stations in the research region.There were remarkable differences in the biomass,abundance and Shannon-Wiener diversity index of the different sediments.Specifically,the order of biomass was rocky shores > gravel > mud-sand > coarse sand > stiff mud,while the order of abundance was rocky shores > coarse sand > mud-sand > gravel > stiff mud,and that of the diversity index was mud-sand > gravel > stiff mud > rocky shores > coarse sand.The above results revealed that the sediment type was the most important factor affecting the structure of the macrobenthic community of the intertidal zone.

An Optimization Method of Formation Flight for Minimizing Fuel Consumption

A method for formation flight trajectory optimization was established.This method aims at minimizing fuel consumption of a two-aircraft formation flight,without changing the original trajectory of the leader.Candidate flight pairs were selected from all international flights arriving at or departing from China in one day according to the requirement of the proposed method.Aircraft performance database Base of Aircraft Data(BADA)was employed in the trajectory computation.By assuming different fuel-saving percentages for the following aircraft,pre-flight plan trajectories of formation flight were optimized.The fuel consumption optimization effect under the influence of different trajectory optimization parameters was also analyzed.The results showed that the higher the fuel savings percentage,the longer the flight distance of formation flight,but the smaller the number of formation combinations that can be realized,which is limited by the aircraft performance.The following aircraft flying along the approximate actual flight trajectory can be benefited as well,and the optimal fuel-saving efficiency is related to the expected fuelsaving efficiency of formation flight.