从数量表征到数表征:具身认知视角下的人类数能力获得

数能力是数学认知的基本成分。与动物所具有的基本数能力不同,人类不仅具备数量表征能力,更重要的是还拥有对数概念进行表征的数表征能力。虽然具身认知与离身认知都对数概念的表征问题进行了解释,但二者却存在明显理论分歧。具身认知观点主要从具身数量表征和数能力发展的具身认知机制两方面为人类独特数能力的获得提供了理论支撑及实证证据。这启示人们需要重视具身学习在数能力形成实践中的关键作用,重视具身数量表征在数学教学中的作用,仍需进一步揭示其内在的心理和神经基础。

厌氧污泥体系脱氢酶活性表征细菌数的研究

以硫化钠作还原剂,甲苯为提取溶剂,用氯化三苯基四氮唑(TTC)法测定污泥脱氢酶活性,探讨了脱氢酶活性与细菌数对数(lgABN)的相关性,并建立了脱氢酶活性表征细菌数的数学模型。结果表明:在lgABN为7.5～12范围内,脱氢酶表征的污泥活性与细菌数对数(lgABN)呈明显线性相关,从理论上分析了其惟一线性相关性;在细菌数的对数达到7.5～12的对数期、稳定期与衰亡期,脱氢酶活性换算成对应细菌数所绘制的曲线与细菌生长曲线有明显拟合;在有重金属离子存在的污泥体系中,脱氢酶活性可用来作为评价重金属离子的毒性指标;从而脱氢酶活性可取代细菌计数表征污泥活性。

课程标准视域下小学智力障碍学生数感培养策略

数感是数与数、数关系、运算结果估计等方面的感悟,数感的培养可以提高智力障碍学生的社会适应能力,也有助于提高智力障碍学生的数学核心素养。文章根据已有相关理论梳理小学智力障碍学生不同学段的数感发展,提出以下观点:小学第一学段数感的培养以数的认识为主,实现从直观实物向数的转换,策略以实物直观学校生活教学为主;第二学段数感培养是在数的认识之上,开始关注学生运算的培养,实现从数到运算的升华,策略以运算情境、多元方法到辅助设备使用的社会生活教学为主,让学生循序渐进提高数感。

高中生数学问题表征能力调查及对策研究

问题表征是数学解题过程的中心环节,本研究基于高中生解题时的不同问题表征类型,对解题效果影响进行分析,表明数式表征对解题影响最大,且理科生的问题表征能力高于文科生,并提出相应的教学建议.

V/A模型及其在数学解题中的指导作用

视觉空间表征与言语分析表征相互作用解题模型（Visualizer／Analyzer模型，下称V／A模型）认为，在解题过程中，存在多层次的、相互作用的视觉化思维与分析性思维，每一层次的分析推理包含了4种类型的活动：从视觉表征中推论出附加性结果，数学精致化，设置一个新目标，监控环节．应用V／A模型进行解题教学时，引导学生直接观察已经画好的图形，或是根据已知条件绘制图形，然后从图形表征中观察或推导出更多的信息．图形信息与数式信息相互补充和交互作用，从中推导出更多结论，不断进行数学的精致化和新信息的再探究．再把从图形表征中推导出来且已精致化的信息和题目中的信息相互结合，设置新的目标，继续开展解题活动，且时时进行解题监控．

初中生解决贝叶斯推理问题的认知研究

背景、年级及其交互作用显著影响被试正确估计贝叶斯推理问题，信息表征影响不显著，九年级被试成绩优于八年级；初中生解决贝叶斯推理问题仍然是困难的，无论是频数表征还是概率表征，正确解答的比率都不高；被试虽不了解贝叶斯公式，但能在具体情境中发现贝叶斯原理，问题情节、数据大小差距等影响被试的策略选择与正确估计.

基于岩体不连续面三维分形维岩体质量评价研究

岩体内部不连续面分布具有随机性、不规则性,但又具有统计自相似性。基于三维随机不连续面网络模拟技术,对岩体结构统计均质区内的不连续面进行计算机模拟,并应用分形理论计算岩体不连续面分布的分形维数。岩体不连续面分布分维数具有尺寸效应,随着岩体尺寸增大分维数减小,到一定程度趋于稳定。这一稳定的分维值称之为表征分维数,用此值描述不连续面分布特征。将岩体不连续面分布的表征分维数与按传统岩体分类标准所得岩体质量等级进行对比,提出以岩体不连续面分布表征分维数为指标的岩体质量分类方法。在岩体分类基础上,提出基于表征分维数的岩体等效抗剪强度指标的折减计算。

CONTOUR EXTRACTION AND FEATURE POINT DETECTION FOR 3-D FRAGMENT REASSEMBLY

An approach to contour extraction and feature point detection in the 3-D fragment reassembly is proposed. A simple and effective technique is used for building the intrinsic topology of the fragment data suitable for contour extraction. For the scanned data in which the topology is difficult to be achieved, the corresponding solutions are given to manage this problem. A robust approach is used for the curvature and torsion calculation of the discrete contour in a 3-D space. Finally, a method is developed for detecting feature points of the fragment contour based on total curvature. Therefore, the contour description combines the simple global information with local feature points. Experiments with real contour curves extracted from 3-D fragments demonstrate that the proposed method is robust and efficient.

基于表征分形维数的结构面产状分组效果评价方法及应用

进行结构面产状分布特征的分形描述时,传统分形维数同时受到产状样本数和样本自身分布特征的影响,考虑到传统方法的不足,提出表征分形维数的概念。引入蒙特卡洛法生成服从Fisher分布的不同离散程度的样本,对结构面产状分形维数随样本数的变化趋势进行分析得出,分布曲线总体呈"三段式"分布,即分形维数曲线增长先较快,后变慢,最终趋于平稳;取分形维数增长速率第一次出现减小对应的样本数为最优样本数,并以最优样本数对应分形维数作为表征分形维数对样本产状分布特征进行描述。结合一实际矿山边坡工程,引入聚类算法对结构面产状进行分组,将表征分形维数与传统有效性指标的分组效果进行比较,结果表明,表征分形维数不用预先假设产状样本的分布形式,能很好地反映结构面实际的分布特征。

Processing of measurement while drilling data for rock mass characterization

The information extracted from monitoring of rotary blasthole drills helps to optimize the overall mining operation. Rock hardness, drillability, blastability and specific energy of drilling are examples of parameters that have been estimated in the past using measurement while drilling techniques. In order to be able to properly utilize measurement while drilling techniques, it is important to properly collect, analyze and interpret extracted data. This paper deals with processing of measurement while drilling data such as rate of penetration, rotary speed, rotary torque and pulldown force collected from rotary blasthole drills.Different methods are discussed to calculate a true rate of penetration which is the most important monitored drill variable for use in rock mass characterization. Then specific energy of drilling is defined and calculated based on electrical and mechanical inputs and the results are compared. The results show that specific energy of drilling can be estimated using the drill's primary drive systems' electrical responses with good accuracy when compared to values based on mechanical inputs.

Degradation Process of Coated Tinplate by Phase Space Reconstruction Theory

The degradation process of organosol coated tinplate in beverage was investigated by electrochemical noise (EN) technique combined with morphology characterization.EN data were analyzed using phase space reconstruction theory.With the correlation dimensions obtained from the phase space reconstruction,the chaotic behavior of EN was quantitatively evaluated.The results show that both electrochemical potential noise (EPN) and electrochemical current noise (ECN) have chaotic properties.The correlation dimensions of EPN increase with corrosion extent,while those of ECN seem nearly unchanged.The increased correlation dimensions of EPN during the degradation process are associated with the increased susceptibility to local corrosion.

AN ADAPTIVELY TRAINED KERNEL-BASED NONLINEAR REPRESENTOR FOR HANDWRITTEN DIGIT CLASSIFICATION

In practice, retraining a trained classifier is necessary when novel data become available. This paper adopts an incremental learning procedure to adaptively train a Kernel-based Nonlinear Representor (KNR), a recently presented nonlinear classifier for optimal pattern representation, so that its generalization ability may be evaluated in time-variant situation and a sparser representation is obtained for computationally intensive tasks. The addressed techniques are applied to handwritten digit classification to illustrate the feasibility for pattern recognition.

Effect of Bottom Undulation on the Waves Generated Due to Rolling of a Plate

In the present paper, the effect of a small bottom tmdulation of the sea bed in the form of periodic bed form on the surface waves generated due to a rolling oscillation of a vertical barrier either partially immersed or completely submerged in water of non uniform finite depth is investigated. A simplified perturbation technique involving a non dimensional parameter characterizing the smallness of the bottom deformation is applied to reduce the given boundary value problem to two independent boundary value problems upto first order. The first boundary value problem corresponds to the problem of water wave generation due to rolling oscillation of a vertical barrier either partially immersed or completely submerged in water of uniform finite depth. This is a well known problem whose solution is available in the literature. From the second boundary value problem, the first order correction to the wave amplitude at infinity is evaluated in terms of the shape function characterizing the bottom undulation, by employing Green＇s integral theorem. For a patch of sinusoidal ripples at the sea bottom, the first order correction to the wave amplitude at infinity for both the configuration of the barrier is then evaluated numerically and illustrated graphically for various values of the wave number. It is observed that resonant interaction of the wave generated, with the sinusoidal bottom undulation occurs when the ratio of twice the wavelength of the sinusoidal ripple to the wave length of waves generated, approaches unity. Also it is found that the resonance increases as the length of the barrier increases.

Development and characterization of urethral stricture model in rabbits

Objective： To establish an experimental model of urethral stricture in rabbits. Methods： A total of 21 adult male New Zealand rabbits were included into group. After intravenous anesthesia, urethroscopy was performed with a pediatric resectoscope （F13）. Fifteen animals were randomly selected as the study group. A lcm-long circumferential electrocoagulation of the bulbar urethra was performed to these animals until ulceration of the mucosa. The remaining 6 animals underwent video urethroscopy without electrocoagulation, serving as controls. On the 30th day, retrograde urethrogram and urethroscopy were performed to evaluate urethral stricture formation, histological examinations （HE and Sirius Red staining） were done to assess urethral pathological change. Results： Two rabbits in study group died and no death occurred in controls. Based on urethrogram and urethroscopy, no rabbits in control group developed urethral stricture, while significant stricture formation was observed in every case of the study group. Histological examination showed a normal urethra in control cases, while at stricture site of the study group extensive fibrosis of muscle and submucous tis High collagen expression in fibrosis tissue was assayed sue by was observed with a large number of fibroblasts infiltration Sirius Red staining. Conclusion： A lcm-long endoscopic electrocoagulation can successfully induce urethral stricture formation in rabbit models. This method offers an ideal animal model for the fundamental and clinical study of urethral stricture

Optimization of parameters, characterization and thermal property analysis of hafnium ethoxide synthesized by electrochemical method

Hafnium ethoxide was synthesized using electrochemical method.Optimization experiments were used to optimizevarious parameters namely Et4NBr concentration(c):0.01?0.06mol/L,solution temperature(t):30?78°C,polar distance(D):2.0?4.0cm and current density(J):100?400A/m2.The electrolytic products obtained under optimum conditions of c=0.04mol/L,t=78°C,D=2.0cm and J=100A/m2were further isolated by vacuum distillation under5kPa.The product was characterized byFourier transform infrared(FT-IR)spectra,nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)spectra.The results indicated that the product washafnium ethoxide.ICP analysis suggested that the content of hafnium ethoxide in the final product exceeded99.997%.Thermalproperties of the product were analyzed by TG/DTG.The vaporization enthalpy of hafnium ethoxide was found to be79.1kJ/mol.The result confirmed that hafnium ethoxide was suitable for the preparation of hafnium oxide by atomic layer deposition.

Characterization of Fresh Cheese with Addition of Probiotics and Prebiotics

Sensorial and microbiological characteristics of a Brazilian fresh cheese samples with Bifidobacterium animalis subps. lactis as well as samples with this probiotic and polydextrose, a prebiotic ingredient, were evaluated. The addition of this microorganism was studied as： （1） lyophilized probiotic added to cheese curd and （2） by using milk previously fermented by this probiotic to produce the cheese. Cheese samples were microbiologically characterized after 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of storage at a temperature of 4 ℃. The microbiological analyses conducted were quantification of total lactic acid bacteria, mesophilic microorganisms, Bif. animalis subps, lactis, coliforms at 30 ℃ and 45 ℃. Affective sensory test was conducted for two different cheese samples （with probiotic and with probiotic and prebiotic） as well as for control one week after manufacturing date. Cheese samples provided acceptable results for coliform counts at 30 ℃ and 45 ℃ in compliance with legislation. The cheese samples produced using milk fermented by probiotic showed counts of 107-108 CFU/g after 28 days of storage, which assures functional property for this product to be claimed.

Image Relaxation Matching Based on Feature Points for DSM Generation

In photogrammetry and remote sensing, image matching is a basic and crucial process for automatic DEM generation. In this paper we presented a image relaxation matching method based on feature points. This method can be considered as an extention of regular grid point based matching. It avoids the shortcome of grid point based matching. For example, with this method, we can avoid low or even no texture area where errors frequently appear in cross correlaton matching. In the mean while, it makes full use of some mature techniques such as probability relaxation, image pyramid and the like which have already been successfully used in grid point matching process. Application of the technique to DEM generaton in different regions proved that it is more reasonable and reliable.

Indecomposable Representations of the Square—Root Lie Algebras of Vector Type and Their Boson Realizations

The explicit expressions for indecomposable representations of nine square-root Lie algebras of vector type, , are obtained on the space of universal enveloping algebra of two-state Heisenberg–Weyl algebra, the invariant subspaces and the quotient spaces. From Fock representations corresponding to these indecomposable representations, the inhomogeneous boson realizations of are given. The expectation values of in the angular momentum coherent states are calculated as well as the corresponding classical limits.

Characterization of Driving Style and the Influence of Distraction Based on Non-intrusive Driving Parameters

It is difficult to model human behavior because of the variability in driving styles and driving skills. However, for some driver assistance systems, it is necessary to have knowledge of that behavior to discriminate potentially hazardous situations, such as distraction, fatigue or drowsiness. Many of the systems that look for driver distraction or drowsiness are based on intrusive means （analysis of the electroencephalogram--EEG） or highly sensitive to operating conditions and expensive equipment （eye movements analysis through artificial vision）. A solution that seeks to avoid the above drawbacks is the use of driving parameters This article presents the conclusions obtained after a set of driving simulator tests with professional drivers with two main objectives using driving variables such as speed profile, steering wheel angle, transversal position on the lane, safety distance, etc., that are available in a non-intrusive way： （1） To analyze the differences between the driving patterns of individual drivers; and （2） To analyze the effect of distraction and drowsiness on these parameters. Different scenarios have been designed, including sequences with distractions and situations that cause fatigue. The analysis of the results is carried out in time and frequency domains in order to identify situations of loss of attention and to study whether the evolution of the analyzed variables along the time could be considered independent of the driver.

Spatial interfacial heat transfer and surface characteristics during gravity casting of A356 alloy

As one of the key boundary conditions during casting solidification process, the interfacial heat transfer coefficient (IHTC) affects the temperature variation and distribution. Based on the improved nonlinear estimation method (NEM), thermal measurements near both bottom and lateral metal-mold interfaces throughout A356 gravity casting process were carried out and applied to solving the inverse heat conduction problem (IHCP). Finite element method (FEM) is employed for modeling transient thermal fields implementing a developed NEM interface program to quantify transient IHTCs. It is found that IHTCs at the lateral interface become stable after the volumetric shrinkage of casting while those of the bottom interface reach the steady period once a surface layer has solidified. The stable value of bottom IHTCs is 750 W/(m^2·℃), which is approximately 3 times that at the lateral interface. Further analysis of the interplay between spatial IHTCs and observed surface morphology reveals that spatial heat transfer across casting-mold interfaces is the direct result of different interface evolution during solidification process.