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朱元璋的待士与洪武年间的文人政策 被引量:1
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作者 贾继用 《菏泽学院学报》 2010年第6期82-86,共5页
从起事之初到明王朝建立之前,朱元璋为了争取士人的支持,更为了争夺天下,一意广揽豪杰,礼遇文士,所谓"明祖重儒"。明朝建国之后,朱元璋的待士态度悄然发生变化,改"重"为"驭",立"士不为君用"之... 从起事之初到明王朝建立之前,朱元璋为了争取士人的支持,更为了争夺天下,一意广揽豪杰,礼遇文士,所谓"明祖重儒"。明朝建国之后,朱元璋的待士态度悄然发生变化,改"重"为"驭",立"士不为君用"之法,所谓"明祖驭儒"。从"重"到"驭"表明了洪武年间一系列的文人政策已基本形成。 展开更多
关键词 朱元璋 文人政策 待士
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Consumption and Culture: Understanding the Shaping of the New Brazilian Middle Class
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作者 Bernardo Oliveira 《Journal of Earth Science and Engineering》 2014年第3期175-193,共19页
In a recent historical process of economic stabilization and of social policies focused on the disadvantaged, major changes in the composition of the Brazilian social pyramid are happening. Driven by the increase of e... In a recent historical process of economic stabilization and of social policies focused on the disadvantaged, major changes in the composition of the Brazilian social pyramid are happening. Driven by the increase of employment and income, in conditions of low inflation and abundant credit, millions of Brazilians have increased in recent years their purchasing power and started to acquire their own home and car--gaudiest symbols of joining the middle class--as well as a wide range of consumer goods. It appears that this set of transformations profoundly altered the perceptions and strategies of social mobility. So this phenomenon is being called the shaping of the new Brazilian middle class. The fact is that there is a group growing, sustained mainly by a decrease in income inequality. In this study, we attempted to draw a clear overview and some disagreements about the emergence of a new Brazilian middle class. On the topic of the emergence of a new Brazilian middle class, one can say that it is not a completely true fact, and that there was actually an expansion of the income of families who still harbor extreme ties with the working classes and why not, popular classes. What to some scholars would be the emergence of a new working class, whose average income is approaching the middle income of what is considered as the lower middle class? 展开更多
关键词 CONSUMPTION middle class new Brazilian middle class.
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