农村高价彩礼的生成机制——基于“文化—生活”的框架

农村高价彩礼是婚姻市场中男女双方家庭互动的结果,表现出空间上的相对性和时间上的差异性。既有研究注意到了空间层面的地方文化主体性,但对于时间维度上的价格增长原因解释不足。“文化—生活”的分析框架以高度分殊的地方文化和新型城镇化过程中农民生活方式的变革为自变量,回答了农村高价彩礼的生发机制和价格递增机制。以赣南T镇为例,宗族家长制文化下的畸高性别比使得女方家庭主导婚姻市场,勤劳节俭、团结本分的精神传承及家庭积累奠定了男方家庭给付彩礼的经济基础,高价彩礼由此成为乡村社会的非正式规范。而在新型城镇化过程中,生活成本的显著上升促成了女方家庭的抬价冲动,农村人际信任关系的变化加剧了婚姻物化趋势,导致彩礼价格进一步攀高。正是地方文化与生活变革的交错互动,使高价彩礼呈现出原生型与续生型的一体两面。

Flora, life form characteristics, and plan for the promotion of biodiversity in South Korea＇s Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System, the traditional Gudeuljang irrigated rice terraces in Cheongsando

The objectives of this study were to analyze the biodiversity of the Traditional Gudeuljang Irrigated Rice Terraces in Cheongsando, South Korea's representative GIAHS(Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System) site, with reference to position and land-use features, and to develop a plan to promote agricultural biodiversity in the region. We confirmed approximately 54,000 m2 of Gudeuljang paddy fields by an on-site survey. Of the Traditional Gudeuljang Irrigated Rice Terraces confirmed by onsite inspection, our survey showed that approximately 24,000 m2 are currently being used as paddy fields, approximately 15,000 m2 are being used as dry fields, and approximately 14,000 m2 are fallow. In terms of other non-agricultural land use, there was grassland, including graveyards; artificial arboreal land, such as orchards, rivers and wetlands, and man-made facilities, such as roads and residences. We also confirmed that the Traditional Gudeuljang Irrigated Rice Terraces had higher plant species diversity than conventional terraced rice paddies, and there was a difference in life form characteristics between the two types. Although the superficial topsoil structure is thesame for the Traditional Gudeuljang Irrigated Rice Terraces(TGIRTs) and conventional terraced rice paddies, it is thought that the differences in the subsurface structure of the TGIRTs contribute greatly to species and habitat diversity. However, the TGIRTs in Cheongsando are facing degeneration, due to damage and reduction in agricultural activity. The main cause is the reduction in the number of farming households due to an aging population in Cheongsando. In order to address this problem, we proposed a management plan, related to fallow paddy fields in South Korea, to initiate voluntary activities in the TGIRTs.

Discovery of the Exquisite Meaning of the Word “chudu” in Chinese Poetry of the Adherents of a Former Dynasty

The word “chudu” comes from Qu Yuan’s Li Sao “huang lan kui yu chu du xi, zhao ci yu yi jia ming”. The original meaning was the day of birth. After the Song Dynasty, the literati began to use it to refer to birthdays. By the end of the Ming Dynasty, they had been calling their birthdays “chudu” once they celebrated it and they were so keen on birthday celebrations. Gu Yanwu pointed out that the word “chudu” only fits “the old ministers （or the exiled ministers） who lamented the crash of the Yingcapital of the country of “Chu” such as Qu Yuan. At the same time, its use in Huang Zongxi’s and Wang Fuzhi’s birthday poems is also consistent with this context. The unique situation and mood of the adherents led them to be close to Qu Yuan and Wen Tianxiang, which bestowed “chudu” the special meaning. It is very suitable for the ministers who suffered the crash of their Dynasties or those who were exiled distantly to express their feelings about the old dynasties and old friends. After these people, Chen Yinke consciously acknowledged this layer of interpreting “chudu” and used it, which has not only enriched the connotation of “chudu”, but also extended its cultural life. From Qu Yuan to Wen Tianxiang, until Gu Yanwu, Huang Zongxi, Wang Fuzhi, and then to Chen Yinke, we can take a glimpse of the spiritual world of the Chinese adherents of Dynasties.

Modem Iranian Literature： The Historical and Present Development of the Short Story Genre

The following article is about the historical overview of the Persian literature and the emergence and development of the short story as a literary genre and its prominent role in the modem literature of Iran. It discusses the origin of the short story in general and preconditions for the popularity of the new genre the Iranian literature of the 20th century, and also about the first successful collection of short stories that introduced it to the public. Also the development process of the short story and principle factors in every stage of its emergence as an independent genre of prose, as well as the thematic range are the main aspects among others to be analyzed in the article. It is historically documented that the Islamic state was established in 1979 after the fall of the Shah. And the very event had big impact not only on the social and political life of the country, but also on the cultural and literary life of the Iranians of the time. The significance of the revolution was such that it divided the literature to be known as the ＂pre-revolution＂ and ＂post-revolution＂ periods. Therefore this article is aimed to observe how this historic event had influenced the short story in particular and the distinct features of the works created during the two periods. The next period which stands out in the development of the short story is during the late 90s and the beginning of the 2000, where the genre experienced aesthetic innovations and experiments with new forms and styles. The distinct feature of the period is mainly in its topics it deals, among other the effects of the globalization and popular culture brought forth, isolated individual, urbanization, climate change and its destructive outcome and the social conflicts resulting from them. Such global issues caused the established writers to look out of their borders and open up to the concerns of the planet, and by doing so establishing new schools of thought and style among the writers of short story in modem Iranian literature. Finally the article will overview the role of the Iranian contemporary female short story writers, children＇s literature and the works of the immigrant Iranian authors that continue the traditions of the Persian literature outside Irma.

The Morphological Analysis of Folktales of Tu Nationality in Hehuang Region in Northwest China

The Tu nationality （also called ＂Tu people＂ or ＂Tus＂ in the paper）, one of the multiple ethnic minorities in the Hehuang Region （河湟地区） between Gansu （甘肃） and Qinghai （青海） Provinces in the northwest China, has no written language of their own, but has already created the abundant and varied colorful literary genres. Since the 1980s, folktales, as the main literary product popular in the region, have received literary criticisms and reviews from scholars and researchers in China, based on the socialist realism dominant in China in the 20th century that emphasized more on contents, motifs and even ideological significance. So far, no breakthroughs have been made in their studies even if some young scholars have tried from the formalist viewpoints. Therefore, this paper attempts to make a morphological analysis of the Tus＇ folktales by adopting Propp＇s theories, trying to find out the morphological narrative model beneath the language level of the folktales. Through the studies, we can see that collective awareness bonded by kinship is more emphasized in Tus＇ culture, and almost all tales end with good defeating evil. Therefore, the studies of these folktales will help us deep understand Tus＇ psychological conditions and positive cultural life.

Discourse of Identity Among the Tatars in Dobrogea

Considering that an ethnic group becomes visible through culture, our study highlights some major themes of Tatar identity discourse in Dobrogea, with reference to cultural life and educational institutions. During the inter-war period, this ethnic community started the process of self-configuration and we intend to emphasize the role of education and culture for identity shaping. This paper will present cultural politics in Dobrogea, especially the role of the Muslim Seminary in Babadag/Medgidia in preserving the religion, language, and the cultural heritage of the Tatar community in Romania.

The Particularity of Identity in Amin Maalouf＇ s Ports of Call

This study explores the intricate situation of the coexistence of different identities in Amin Maalouf＇ s Ports of Call （1996）. It contends that identity is complex, flux, and not limited to what is inherited; it is rather a psychological, political, and social amalgamation. Thus, each individual has a unique and particular identity, which is completely different from the others＇. This study is a theoretical and analytical survey of Maalouf＇s Ports of Call. It aims at proving that this novel is an example that Maalouf provides to show the challenges that characters of different identities face, and the obstacles that hinder them from assimilation. The argument is mainly based on Edward Said＇s theories that have opened up discussions about Otherness and multiculturalism, alongside with other postcolonial critics, such as Homi Bhabha. Maalouf＇s book In the Name of Identity： Violence and the Need to Belong （1996） is also integral to this study. The study concludes that it might be possible for people, in parallel with the characters of the novel, to challenge the identity predicament that the world is witnessing nowadays, and accept diversities as a way of life, rather than a reason for waging wars.

Culture： What to Teach and How to Teach It in an EFL Class

This paper discusses the question of the teaching of culture in an EFL （English as a Foreign Language） class. With the open door policy, an increasing number of people in China are learning English or some other language for various purposes. However, they often experience the frustration of failure in communication with foreigners which can sour relationships or business due to their ignorance of the target culture associated with the language they are learning or have learned. Therefore, teaching culture in foreign language classes and learning a second culture while learning a second language have become new slogans, or to be exact, new tasks in the field of English language teaching in China. But how to teach and what to teach remain problematic. The author holds that ＂central code＂ of a culture, i.e., people＇s way of life should be the focus in EFL teaching. Then choosing appropriate and authentic material containing aspects of culture is of great importance. Greater importance should be attached to mass media and multimedia materials and approaches. At the same time, attention should be paid to the cultural behaviour or belief of EFL teachers so as to make more effective teaching

The Education ＆ Training and the Utilization of Multi-cultural Workforce

The international movement of workers and the inflow/outflow of immigrants are increasing, the term immigrant communities which country in the world is more familiar. Also, the country that accumulated a history of immigration over decades have been promoted while continuously changing the integration policies for immigrants. The immigration into home country such as the married immigrant women, etc. is constantly increasing in South Korea that had a homogeneous culture. While, it is continued to the overseas movement of young people looking for opportunities in foreign rather than domestic. In South Korea, the multi-cultural families are increasing together with the immigration of foreign workers, the marriage immigrants, etc. in accordance with the globalization of capital and labor, and the multi-cultural society is being formed in accordance with the influx of alien culture and various religious. In this paper, it explored the trends and the future outlook for the multi-cultural workforce in these dimensions. Also, in a multi-cultural society, it suggested the implications and the future assignments for the new changes in the education ＆ training and the employment in order to improve the quality of life and to use as the production entities of multi-cultural workforce.

A Study of Burial Patterns and Symbolism With Reference to Harappan Sites in India

Since time and beyond, when humans first developed the understanding of staying in communities, a sense of affection and adoration grew towards fellow beings. The law of nature of the cycle of life gave rise to the belief in life after death and a sense of intimidation for the same, gave way to supernatural beliefs. Such beliefs gave rise to multifarious customary activities. A study to understand them on the basis of symbolism has paved the way for simplification of the complex rituals, and hence, perceive the prevalent socio-cultural aspects of those times.

The influence of the mass culture on the contemporary college students＇ daily life

The mass culture penetrates into the world of the daily life of the contemporary college students in all directions. As the most sensitive group of the cultural assimilation, the college students practice various forms of the mass culture in their daily life. The popular culture and the everyday life are inseparable. The mass culture influences and changes the concept of our everyday life and the practice of our daily life, and enriches the connotation of the popular culture. The popular culture greatly enriches and expands the daily life of the college students with the features of the image, the nationhood and the consumption, but it also brings the negative effects that cannot be ignored. The daily life of the college students can be divided into several relative meanings according to their contents and forms, including the communication plate, the emotional plate and the leisure plate. Every meaning plate is concerned about the generation of values in the daily life of the college students, and the mass culture gives fresh and complicated contents to these meanings. How to find the values of their life and how to present oneself is the difficult problems and missions faced by the contemporary college students.

A Multicultural Interpretation of Jade Snow Wong＇s Fifth Chinese Daughter

Jade Snow Wong was one of the most famous literary writers to recount the complexity of cross-cultural experiences as Americans became sympathetic toward Chinese at the historic juncture of WWII. Her autobiography, Fifth Chinese Daughter, once represented early immigrants＇ assimilationist position, yet it was lately reread for the strength of her Chinese heritage in a multicultural American society. To interpret the cultural value of Chinese existence in America, this article analyzes the historic contexts of her story, and argues that her life experiences provide insights into fresh meanings of multiculturalism for various ethnic groups, as well as into the particular importance of Chinese American culture in connecting separate worlds within the world of America.

Research on aesthetic charm of Qiang folk songs

Qiang folk songs are a form of expression of the ancient oral literature and mass creation, regardless of folk songs, work songs, custom songs, worship songs, etc., They mostly reflect the dominated public opinion of Qiang people from different historical periods and cultural life. Qiang folk songs are born with a strong national consciousness, national temperament and color. Through social and cultural changes, Qiang folk song forms its unique aesthetics in the language, form, emotion, mood and other aspects. Understanding and analyzing the aesthetic charm of Qiang folk songs helps to strengthen the Qiang heritage and intangible cultural heritage protection, and benefit rich folk culture of Chinese Qiang cognition.

Physical Activity Stares of Civil Servants and Their Health- Related Research

Since the 1980s, people＇ s material and spiritual life are constantly enriched and improved. People＇ s values are constantly changing, more and more people realize that participate in physical exercise for their own importance in sports. The status of people＇ s lives has been greatly improved, for most residents; they participate in physical activity and have gradually become a richer cultural life, and they enhance the basic needs of physical, mental lifelong sports have gradually deep heart. While people continue to enhance the sports consciousness exercise, we also see some potential problems, such as the rapid development of science and technology is to bring more and more problems to people. As people, enjoy the level of automation in the material aspects of life. They gradually have cars, telephones, washing machines, refrigerators, microwave ovens, rice cookers. And the household products go into our lives, we enjoy the material on those by making more and more people gradually reduce the daily activities. And the most prominent is the elevators and cars, reducing active time and the amount of activity, a lot of heat stored in the human body is causing various diseases, from the results of medical research over the past decade. Various diseases associated with obesity have been become the most important factor in human deaths worldwide, the rapid emergence of this disease and the rapid development of social science and technology form a clear lack of coordination, for which many experts at home and abroad for such issues of deep study and research.

The Development Research of Tourist Commodities in the Pingxiang Nuo Mask＇ Decorative Patterns

By analyzing the information of Pingxiang Nuo masks＇ decorative patterns,this paper first briefly teases out a clue of the birth and development of historical decorative pattern and the decorative pattern category features of Pingxiang Nuo masks.Then, combining with the development of tourist commodities, Looking for live condition non-material cultural life rich and colorful information and spiritual practice, traditional patterns with modem visual design fusion design characteristic tourist commodities.It explores the way of how to converse the value of Pingxiang Nuo masks＇ decorative patterns into the modem design.

Theriac and Tao： More Aspects on Byzantine Diplomatic Gifts to Tang China

This article deals with the presenting of diplomatic gifts around the 7th Century from the Roman Empire in the East （i.e. the Byzantine Empire）, and among these a kind of medication supposedly capable of curing all sorts of illnesses, theriac. The links between these uses and Taoist expectations regarding ever-lasting life are discussed herein in the context of that diplomatic mission. It explores the different understandings of what theriac meant in the Byzantine and in the Tang courts. This sheds light on the kind of different misunderstandings, sometimes of an ironical nature, which may happen in intercultural contacts of political-diplomatic nature.

Research on Cultural Schemas for Social Interactions

Social interactions strategies refer to saying the proper words and sentences on proper occasions. They could be affected by different cultural backgrounds （schemas）. Culture is usually treated as the basis of our social interactions which influences the way we deal with problems, and even our thought and behavior. Therefore, although many communication problems occur on the interpersonal level, most difficulties and misunderstandings can be traced to cultural differences. With a deeper comprehension, the cultural differences are the schema differences which are a kind of framework of a specific culture that exists in people＇s brain and influences people＇s judgments and behavior of daily life. Furthermore, this schema conflict would also confuse people＇s judgment and make them to choose the wrong way to respond. Thus, the schema conflict interferes our social interactions.

A Study of English Film Title Translation ---From the Perspective of Adaptation Theory

As the exchange between Chinese and Western cultures gets increasingly frequent, the English films have already become an indispensable kind of cultural ＂product＂ in Chinese people＇s lives. In the pursuit of box office today, a good English film title translation can not only attract more attention, but also become an important standard to judge a film＇s value. However, the translation of English film title has not got enough attention at home or abroad, and good translations of English film titles are few and far between. Based on requirements of English film title translation, this paper discusses problems in English film title translation, into which this paper applies adaptation theory to solving existing problems.

The Avenue of Sphinxes： Restoration of a Legend

The redevelopment of historic cities is often challenged by intricate--and in many cases contradictory--missions. From one side, there is the urge to comprehensively preserve cultural resources. At the same time, opportunities of economic growth should be made available and needs of contemporary living maintained and nourished. The main aim of this paper is to reconcile probable incompatibilities between such missions through promoting ＂sensitive＂ redevelopment approaches in historic cities. The paper focuses on the city of Luxor, Egypt with its immensely capturing yet quite undermined legend： the Avenue of Sphinxes. In Luxor, the injection of nonintrusive interventions presents itself as a highly potential candidate in protecting and enhancing the experience of the avenue while meeting contemporary needs of living. Adopting less sensitive development approaches can lead the quality of experiencing the whole city to be worsened for the increasing numbers of tourists and locals.

Intercultural Interaction and Competence： Challenges Facing South African Children

South Africa is a country of many cultures. Before the first democratic elections in 1994, people of different cultures found it difficult to interact because of legislated racial segregation, which made it difficult for blacks to mix with whites in almost all spheres of life. The only place interaction could take place was in the workplace. As a result, children from different cultural groups had few opportunities to interact. This made it impossible for South African children to learn about the cultures of other racial groups. With the introduction of a democratic government, all segregation laws were relaxed and people mixed freely in all spheres of life. Intercultural communication became commonplace. This new scenario presented a challenge to many South African children, but despite the limits imposed before 1994, children from all racial groups associated successfully. Their ability to cope with this situation with so much more ease than adults was remarkable. This paper seeks to highlight the communication skills used by South African children from all cultural backgrounds to achieve intercultural competence in a relatively short space of time. The paper will further reflect on the impact made on African children by intercultural interaction and competence.