美国民族史学知识体系生成的背景环境与影响

美国民族史学经历了百年的发展历程。其从民族学人类学、历史学学科边际中生发出来,作为一种具有专属意义的、独立的、一体化的知识体系的美国民族史学:一方面,美国民族史学既是二战以来美国及西方民族学人类学、历史学学科从分野并行到趋近发展的一种产物,也是美国及西方民族学人类学、历史学学科相互借鉴研究视野方法,逐渐形成新的研究范式,学科知识生产能力得到提升的一种体现;既是文化反思、“他者”重构的一种重要产物。另一方面,美国民族史学的孕育、凸显与繁盛及其知识体系的生成,也对美国民族史学知识体系生成所依赖的特殊的学科知识发展背景以及历史和社会生发环境等诸多因素带来了进一步的推动和影响作用。这些影响,既展示在表层的学科和方法层面,促进了民族学人类学、历史学等学科的沟通和方法的互补;也表现在由表及里的知识层面,促动了民族学人类学、历史学等传统研究范式的转换与知识生产能力的提升;还触及了深层的文化概念层面,解构了“白人中心论”“西方中心论”,重构了“他者”的形象,推动了美国历史和社会的生成发展,促进了当代“美利坚”民族国家的不断建构。

Exploration in Beautiful Village Construction from the Perspective of Cultural Inheritance——A Case Study of Xuwan Town

Culture is an integral of historical deposits and considered cradle of eco- civilization. Culture is China＇s spiritual handholds. In building beautiful villages, envi- ronment, public service facilities and infrastructure are so important. But the re- search stressed cultural inheritance ad spiritual civilization to make sure village beauty outside and inside. The aim is to explore cultural inheritance models in ec- onomy, living and eco-tourism, with a case study of Xuwan town.

How Can China Introduce Itself to the World？

There are three principles guiding translation for international publicity in China. These priciples have widespread influence all over China, therefore, further study is necessary. This paper analyzes the complementary and interdependent relationships between the three principles in order to point out relevant problems and possible solutions. With the theoretical framework of＂translation and formation of cultural identities＂, ＂interactive relations between language and identities＂, the paper takes international translation theories and cases as reference and rethinks the principles from a historical and cultural perspective. The paper concludes that it is necessary and feasible to communicate with other cultures while introducing Chinese culture to the world

Water Conservancy and the Historical Evolvement of Lingnan Regional Culture

The history of the formation and development of Chinese civilization is also a civilization history of water conservancy. Water not only gives birth to Chinese civilization but also gives birth to the unique regional culture in Lingnan. In the past thousands of year, from the ancient myths and legends of Lingnan water conservancy culture to the digging of efficacious Canal＇s integration of the nationalities in Lingnan, to the blending of water and culture of the Xijiang River and the North River of the Zhujiang water system and the formation of urban river culture, development of its generation, deduction and inheritance has the mutual penetration with the formation of water system and the variation of water conservancy which mutually influence the historical evolvement of Lingnan regional culture.

Observe Chinese Culture from Chinese Idioms

Chinese idioms are the essence of the Chinese language, the crystallization of human wisdom and the important cartier of national culture. Through the structure, content and meaning of Chinese idioms, we can see various forms of the history and culture of the Han nationality. Observe national culture through the structure, content, meaning of Chinese idioms, namely the phenomenon of the linguistic phenomenon and culture phenomenon, we focus on elaborating Chinese idioms and cultural relationship between a Chinese idiom and Chinese culture.

Great Powers and Albanian National Movement （1878-1914）

The history of the Albanian national movement is closely connected with two key factors： internal development in the Albanian-populated areas in the Balkans as well as politics of the Great Powers. Berlin Congress of 1878 totally neglected interests of the Albanians. Subsequently, Treaty of Berlin became the starting point for creation of the Albanian League of Prizren （1878-1881） as well as future development of the Albanian national movement. Russia as well as other Great Powers played a controversial role in that context.

Inheritance and Development of the Intangible Cultural Heritage Su fan

intangible cultural heritage is an important part of the mankind cultural heritage, which carries the national historical heritage and national identity, and it is the lifeblood of the national culture, it has important cultural value, historical and spiritual values. From the international perspective, heritage and development of intangible cultural heritage has a very important significance for the protection of human cultural diversity.

Madama Butterfly or M. Butterfly？ An Analysis on Imperfection of Deconstruction in M. Butterfly

Chinese American literature hasn＇t developed into a visible power until 1970＇s in the American literary world. David Henry Hwang is a dazzling star among Chinese-American writers. He is the first to perform his own works on Broadway as well as the first to get Tony Award. He is the most successful and reputable Asian American playwright in the history of American Drama. Hwang＇s masterpiece M. Butterfly inverts orientalism＇s constructing the relationship between the east and the west, subverts stereotypes of the oriental in the westerners＇ eyes, and cries out a distinctive voice of＂the other＂ to western hegemony culture. However~ as a Chinese-American writer of the second generation that receives white mainstream cultural education, Hwang＇s deconstructing the orientalism and subverting the fixed relationship between the east and west has its imperfection, which results from social and historical environment the author lives in, personal experiences as well as national culture identity. In addition, Hwang＇s M.Butterfly aims at appealing for the eastern and western cultures＇ learning from each other, communicating with each other in order to achieve the goal of cultural co-prosperity with a broader mind in a harmonious atmosphere.

An Imaginary Taiwan From a Composer in China A Case Study of Taiwan Bangzi Opera

Taiwan Bangzi Opera is a branch of Henan Bangzi Opera in Henan, which was transmitted from China to Taiwan within the armies under a political and historical circumstance around 1947. As the trend of localisation in these ten years becomes obvious, several localised performances are created; however, the composers in China do not understand the music culture in Taiwan, so some interesting phenomenon can be found between an imaginary Taiwan from their viewpoints and the real culture in Taiwan. The Sorceress Bride is a performance which adapted so-called the aboriginal tune in 2012, and it arises several issues for further discussion.

Discussion on Thinking Mode in Cross-cultural Teaching

Different cultural backgrounds result in a different way of thinking and cultural characteristics, and this difference are reflected in the life, production, culture, education and other aspects. Chinese and Westerners have different social and historical and cultural traditions, forming a distinctive way of thinking. Such as the differences between marginal thinking and logical thinking, differences between comprehensive thinking and analytical thinking, differences between focusing on ＂unity＂ and tending to ＂opposite＂, differences between focusing on perceptual and on rational thinking, all of these ways of thinking result in different ways of expression and language in cross-cultural teaching, different ways of behavior and interactions and different view of life and values.

Impacts of Rapid Urbanization to Traditional Living Environment and Community Linkage in Historic Old Quarters of Vietnam： A Case Study on Gia Hoi Area in Hue City, Central Vietnam

Though with slight ups and downs, Vietnamese economies have been flourishing for recent decades. Just like other remaining historical districts in Asia, those of Vietnam have been going through rapid urbanization and transformation. The rapid urbanization impacts on traditional living environment. This paper examines the impacts of rapid urbanization to traditional living environment and community linkage, illustrating a case study of the Gia Hoi area of the historic old district in the city of Hue in Central Vietnam. To identify the impacts, a comparative analysis is conducted between neighbors along a main street which were more impacted by urbanization and those along a small alley which were less impacted. Through the analysis of field and questionnaire surveys, it found out that socioeconomic conditions, in particular, community linkage of households along main street and small ally varied significantly. It argues that in historical district, social capital is not well-spread, but rather concentrated along small allies, and small allies play an important role for sustainable community.

Research and Discussion on the Stereotyped Writing Criticism Genre during Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties

In this paper, we conduct research on the stereotyped writing criticism genre during the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Eightpartessay writing is a comprehensive strong style, its four topics from the fi ve classics, and its basic form is gradually formed in the evolutionof the core imperial examination in China. Review especially on origin, teachers not only with the righteousness that try post poems strategy isso far producing precious examination style also with basic prose. Although some scholars also mentioned as this period literature genre thatpresents regional features mainly by the local cultural history environment, family relations, economic basis and other factors, but ignores theliterature community in the form of the regional literature genre has played important role in the general process. Under this basis, this paperproposes the novel ideals on the corresponding issues that will help understand and analyzes the characteristics of stereotyped writing more.

Re-examining the Past： Elements of Postmodern Memory in Toni Morrison＇s Love

Toni Morrison＇s fiction may arguably be characterized as postmodern discourse on memory, history and culture. In her novels, the Nobel laureate frequently returns to the past to search for answers to the questions she poses about African American realities in the contemporary United States. In doing so, Morrison often creates alternative histories or, more specifically, a usable past----one that allows her to engage in a literary （re-）construction of the Black historical and cultural material which traditional histories have chosen to ignore or disremember. Therefore, as a present-day writer of African American descent, Morrison attempts to reassemble all the fragmentary historical and cultural accounts available to her as a novelist and narrate them in the form of a convincing story. With regard to the above considerations, this article seeks to discuss some of the mechanisms employed by Morrison for weaving her postmodern, memory-filled narrative on the example of her eighth novel, Love （2003）. In particular, the analysis focuses on the book＇s central figure, Bill Cosey, and his Southern ocean-side resort--both seen against the backdrop of the pre- and post-World War II racist America, followed by the 1960s decade of the Civil Rights Movement. Finally, it is also demonstrated how the author＇s use of split narrative as well as the ＂I＂ narrator-cum-character technique contribute to recounting in retrospect Love＇s main, historicized story---one viewed and judged from a present-time perspective.

Study on the Policy of Embodying Language Difference between Chinese and Western Culture

For centuries, cross-cultural exchange activities throughout history, language and culture from the communication is an integral part of the contact. For the entire human history, cross-cultural communication is not strange. It plays an important role in studying different languages. Language is the carrier of culture and the main manifestation of culture. Language is developing with the development of a nation, it is an integral part of national culture, history, customs and local customs and practices, the nation＇s culture and social customs are also in the national language to show. The different historical background and development process leads to great difference exists in Western languages. With mutual understanding and deepen, the conflict in western culture are increasing. Language is the primary from of communication. And the use of language and culture are closely related. So ＂differences between Chinese culture and Western culture in English language＂ has become the important topic of intercultural communication.

Transforming Greek Epic Iliad into Taiwan Residents Environmental Theater： Golden Bough＇s Troy, Troy... Taiwan

With an analysis on Golden Bough Theater＇s Troy, Troy... Taiwan, this article will investigate how they de-contextualize Greek Epic Iliad with an eclectic collage of the tropes of Greek epic, the techniques of environmental theater and Taiwan Residents local opera, and the aesthetics of Taiwan Residents indigenous rituals and Pili Puppetry. It will discuss how the performers transform Greek epic into a Taiwan Residents allegory in search of Taiwan Residents cultural roots and identities. Furthermore, in the cultural encounter between the East and the West, multiple folds of significance will be explored through their hybridized performance genres and rituals as well as symbolic interaction in various performance venues with different historical and cultural legacies.

The Translation of Local Historical Allusions in the Perspective of Cross-cultural Communication With Case Studies

The translation of place-names plays a significant part in both translation and the process of communication. The translation of place-names is a cross-cultural communication, especially in the translation of the place-names with allusion-oriented meaning. The translators should consider the cultural meaning of the place-names and convey the cultural meaning accurately to the foreigners. This paper is based on some cases that have been searched, illustrating the translation of place-names on allusion-oriented from the perspective of cross-cultural communication consciousness and the strategy of foreignization. It also analyzes the basic guiding principl strategies and specific translation methods on the translation of Chinese place-names, as well as the scope es, of various translation methods, such as literal translation, free translation, combination of both of them, and proposes the guiding principles of this kind of translation which should be ＂literal translation-headed, proper free translation, and appropriate interpretation＂. The other principles are ＂following the pronunciation of the owners of proper names, adopting the established popular translated names, and using the standard pronunciation of the Chinese character＂ etc. Based on it, this paper discusses the translation of the place-names, such as ＂Zhenyuan＇

Relations Between Intangible and Tangible Culture on Example of Casimir Historical Jewish District in Cracow

In Jewish City in Casimir--historical district of Cracow, Jewish culture manifested its original architectural style based mostly on specific detail. Perception of this type of architectural detail depends, basically, on knowledge of the Jewish culture. Proper understanding of meaning of the Jewish architectural detail depends on complex relations between Jewish tangible and intangible culture. Nowadays, it is especially important, according to relatively fast revitalization of the district. All renovation works require specific approach taking into account differences based on cultural diversity. Moreover, the understanding of the Jewish architectural detail is strictly connected with both history of Jews and Poles. One thousand years of cohabitation allowed to understand the economical and, partially, social differences, but not cultural at whole. The main aim of the article is to present chosen cultural and non-cultural factors, affecting the perception of the Jewish architectural detail in Casimir.

SPECIAL ISSUE： CULTURAL PHILOSOPHICAL STUDIES IN CHINA：Some theoretical characteristics of the philosophy of culture

Establishing a philosophical theory or a paradigm of philosophical understanding should be premised on its possession of a relatively well-defined research subject, relatively original research methodology, and relatively outstanding theoretical objectives. In this regard, philosophy of culture aims at a general understanding of man through cultural symbols which in themselves are not the end of the research. Using the research methodology of historical science, philosophy of culture attempts to understand man as a non-continuous and heterogeneous being. The theoretical objective of philosophy of culture is the criticism and reconstruction of cultural patterns with cultural symbols at their core.

SPECIAL ISSUE： CULTURAL PHILOSOPHICAL STUDIES IN CHINA：Interpretation of the generation theory of cultural philosophy

From the viewpoint of generation theory, cultural philosophy illustrates the inherent unity of history and culture through a profound understanding and grasp of the historicality of human existence, thus making cultural philosophy transcend the general metaphysical system and become a totally new research paradigm. As such, cultural philosophy is essentially a new pattern for historical interpretation. It is always guided by the spirit of self-conscious cultural criticism, endeavoring to elucidate the cultural roots of the existential crisis of modern humanity through macro- and micro-level description of the generation of the cultural spirit of mankind, and to provide multiple possibilities for the future existence of humanity.

SPECIAL ISSUE： GLOBALIZATION AND CONTEMPORARY CHINESE CULTURAL CONSTRUCTION：Contemporary Chinese cultural construction and advanced culture

Advanced Chinese culture today has three interconnected requirements： a） it is an organic component of today＇s advanced world culture; b） it critically absorbs all the best elements of foreign cultures in an organic combination with the best elements of traditional Chinese culture; and c） it transcends the argument over ＂modernism＂ and ＂post-modernism.＂ From a world- historical perspective, all other necessary features of advanced culture in contemporary China represent the logical unfolding of these three requirements. A full and correct grasp of the three elements constituting the world-historicality of this advanced culture is of important methodological significance in clarifying the world-historical mode of the construction of contemporary Chinese culture and the path to cultural innovation.