Although a large number of studies have focused on various aspects of politeness,very little is known about how politeness intention is activated cognitively during verbal communication.The present study aims to explo...Although a large number of studies have focused on various aspects of politeness,very little is known about how politeness intention is activated cognitively during verbal communication.The present study aims to explore the cognitive mechanism of politeness intention processing,and how it is related to pragmatic failure during cross-cultural communication.Using 30 Chinese EFL university students who were instructed to finish a probe word judgment task with 96 virtual scenarios,the results indicate that within both mono-and cross-cultural contexts,the response time in the experimental scenarios was significantly slower than that of the filler scenarios.This suggests that politeness intention was activated while understanding the surface meaning of the conversation;however,the EFL learners could not completely avoid the negative transfer of their native politeness conventions when they were comprehending the conversational intention of the target language.Furthermore,no significant differences in response time were found between the groups with high and low English pragmatic competence,illustrating that transferring the pragmatic rules and principles into cross-cultural communication skills was more cognitively demanding.Overall,this study adds to the literature on politeness research and provides some implications for foreign language pragmatic instructions.展开更多
AIM:To conduct a bacterial culture study for monitoring decontamination of automated endoscope reprocessors(AERs) after high-level disinfection(HLD).METHODS:From February 2006 to January 2011,authors conducted randomi...AIM:To conduct a bacterial culture study for monitoring decontamination of automated endoscope reprocessors(AERs) after high-level disinfection(HLD).METHODS:From February 2006 to January 2011,authors conducted randomized consecutive sampling each month for 7 AERs.Authors collected a total of 420 swab cultures,including 300 cultures from 5 gastroscope AERs,and 120 cultures from 2 colonoscope AERs.Swab cultures were obtained from the residual water from the AERs after a full reprocessing cycle.Samples were cultured to test for aerobic bacteria,anaerobic bacteria,and mycobacterium tuberculosis.RESULTS:The positive culture rate of the AERs was 2.0%(6/300) for gastroscope AERs and 0.8%(1/120) for colonoscope AERs.All the positive cultures,including 6 from gastroscope and 1 from colonoscope AERs,showed monofloral colonization.Of the gastroscopeAER samples,50%(3/6) were colonized by aerobic bacterial and 50%(3/6) by fungal contaminations.CONCLUSION:A full reprocessing cycle of an AER with HLD is adequate for disinfection of the machine.Swab culture is a useful method for monitoring AER decontamination after each reprocessing cycle.Fungal contamination of AERs after reprocessing should also be kept in mind.展开更多
There are many Karakuri Ningyo dolls in the Chubu district of Japan. Karakuri Ningyo dolls are, so to speak, wooden automata with exemplification of creative technology unique to Japan. But Karakuri Ningyo dolls have ...There are many Karakuri Ningyo dolls in the Chubu district of Japan. Karakuri Ningyo dolls are, so to speak, wooden automata with exemplification of creative technology unique to Japan. But Karakuri Ningyo dolls have not been appreciated as a significant resource of industrial tourism. The Chubu district of Japan has conserved and cultivated its treasures of Karakuri Ningyo dolls and Karakuri culture in the Toyota Commemorative Museum of Industry and Technology and Toyota company culture. The Museum provides an opportunity to consider the areal power to build up inter-connectivity between several local industrial elements; cotton manufacture as endogenous industry, nearby wood production and the assembly of skilled craftsman of wood working. So the region is one of the representative industrial tourism destinations which the tourist gaze directs upon. However, the region has not been generally recognized as an attractive destination for industrial tourism. This paper explored the significance of Chubu＇s resources of industrial tourism by tracing the technological development of Karakuri Ningyo dolls and Toyoda looms. This paper also demonstrated the historical uniqueness of the process of the modernaization of Japan.展开更多
Electrochemical discharge machining is considered to be a hybrid machining process that combines with EDM and ECM （electro chemical machining）, called ECDM. The material removal is based on two phenomena： electroch...Electrochemical discharge machining is considered to be a hybrid machining process that combines with EDM and ECM （electro chemical machining）, called ECDM. The material removal is based on two phenomena： electrochemical dissolution of the material and thermal erosion of electrical discharges that occur between the cathode ＆ anode electrodes. This process is better used for machining of non conducting materials efficiently. In this research paper shows that a brief literature review study of various measuring instruments used for analysis of various parameters of the electrochemical discharge machining process on various types of materials, tool material, input ＆ output parameters such as surface roughness, surface texture, material removal, tool wear etc..展开更多
文摘Although a large number of studies have focused on various aspects of politeness,very little is known about how politeness intention is activated cognitively during verbal communication.The present study aims to explore the cognitive mechanism of politeness intention processing,and how it is related to pragmatic failure during cross-cultural communication.Using 30 Chinese EFL university students who were instructed to finish a probe word judgment task with 96 virtual scenarios,the results indicate that within both mono-and cross-cultural contexts,the response time in the experimental scenarios was significantly slower than that of the filler scenarios.This suggests that politeness intention was activated while understanding the surface meaning of the conversation;however,the EFL learners could not completely avoid the negative transfer of their native politeness conventions when they were comprehending the conversational intention of the target language.Furthermore,no significant differences in response time were found between the groups with high and low English pragmatic competence,illustrating that transferring the pragmatic rules and principles into cross-cultural communication skills was more cognitively demanding.Overall,this study adds to the literature on politeness research and provides some implications for foreign language pragmatic instructions.
基金Supported by The Gastrointestinal Scope Unit of the Chang Gung Memorial Hospital(Kaohsiung)of Taiwan
文摘AIM:To conduct a bacterial culture study for monitoring decontamination of automated endoscope reprocessors(AERs) after high-level disinfection(HLD).METHODS:From February 2006 to January 2011,authors conducted randomized consecutive sampling each month for 7 AERs.Authors collected a total of 420 swab cultures,including 300 cultures from 5 gastroscope AERs,and 120 cultures from 2 colonoscope AERs.Swab cultures were obtained from the residual water from the AERs after a full reprocessing cycle.Samples were cultured to test for aerobic bacteria,anaerobic bacteria,and mycobacterium tuberculosis.RESULTS:The positive culture rate of the AERs was 2.0%(6/300) for gastroscope AERs and 0.8%(1/120) for colonoscope AERs.All the positive cultures,including 6 from gastroscope and 1 from colonoscope AERs,showed monofloral colonization.Of the gastroscopeAER samples,50%(3/6) were colonized by aerobic bacterial and 50%(3/6) by fungal contaminations.CONCLUSION:A full reprocessing cycle of an AER with HLD is adequate for disinfection of the machine.Swab culture is a useful method for monitoring AER decontamination after each reprocessing cycle.Fungal contamination of AERs after reprocessing should also be kept in mind.
文摘There are many Karakuri Ningyo dolls in the Chubu district of Japan. Karakuri Ningyo dolls are, so to speak, wooden automata with exemplification of creative technology unique to Japan. But Karakuri Ningyo dolls have not been appreciated as a significant resource of industrial tourism. The Chubu district of Japan has conserved and cultivated its treasures of Karakuri Ningyo dolls and Karakuri culture in the Toyota Commemorative Museum of Industry and Technology and Toyota company culture. The Museum provides an opportunity to consider the areal power to build up inter-connectivity between several local industrial elements; cotton manufacture as endogenous industry, nearby wood production and the assembly of skilled craftsman of wood working. So the region is one of the representative industrial tourism destinations which the tourist gaze directs upon. However, the region has not been generally recognized as an attractive destination for industrial tourism. This paper explored the significance of Chubu＇s resources of industrial tourism by tracing the technological development of Karakuri Ningyo dolls and Toyoda looms. This paper also demonstrated the historical uniqueness of the process of the modernaization of Japan.
文摘Electrochemical discharge machining is considered to be a hybrid machining process that combines with EDM and ECM （electro chemical machining）, called ECDM. The material removal is based on two phenomena： electrochemical dissolution of the material and thermal erosion of electrical discharges that occur between the cathode ＆ anode electrodes. This process is better used for machining of non conducting materials efficiently. In this research paper shows that a brief literature review study of various measuring instruments used for analysis of various parameters of the electrochemical discharge machining process on various types of materials, tool material, input ＆ output parameters such as surface roughness, surface texture, material removal, tool wear etc..
