Translation is cross-cultural activity existing between two different language signs. In the process of translating, translators can not get out of the influence of cultural elements. From the angle of cross-cultural ...Translation is cross-cultural activity existing between two different language signs. In the process of translating, translators can not get out of the influence of cultural elements. From the angle of cross-cultural pragmatic contrasting, the author makes analysis of the problems of difference existing between the volume of information borne or transmitted between two different language signs in the process of translating under the influence of cultural elements, and points out that to study these problems, translators must consider a series of problems about cross-cultural cognitive context. This article also makes cross-cultural pragmatic contrastive analysis in world view difference, register difference, imaginative difference and metaphor difference. The author introduces the method of cross-cultural pragmatic contrastive analysis and suggests taking a series of measures to improve translation education.展开更多
Allusions are full of cultural connotations. How to make people in different countries understand each ot^er？ Translation will be one useful way. Translation is the bridge of cultural communication. How can translato...Allusions are full of cultural connotations. How to make people in different countries understand each ot^er？ Translation will be one useful way. Translation is the bridge of cultural communication. How can translators translate allusions correctly？ Firstly, translators should have a general idea about the specific cultural connotation of allusions. Each allusion has its own cultural background. Otherwise people would have difficulty in understanding allusions, and they may misunderstand them. Secondly, translators should try to find suitable methods in translating them. The result will be different if translators choose different methods展开更多
The work of translators are not always perfect, however, many of them will inevitably contain elements of misunderstanding. Of course, most of those misunderstandings are by the reason of misapprehending the correct m...The work of translators are not always perfect, however, many of them will inevitably contain elements of misunderstanding. Of course, most of those misunderstandings are by the reason of misapprehending the correct meaning of words, especially in the field of non-literary tanslation. My purpose is rather to show translators -- and, by extension, others who are learning English -- how to recognize the accurate message of words in a first draft and how to revise them so as to eliminate those incorrect translated texts.展开更多
The paper is intended to study the cultural untranslatability in Chinese-English literary translation and its compensation with a view to find some practical strategies in translation when untranslatabiltiy occurs. Ba...The paper is intended to study the cultural untranslatability in Chinese-English literary translation and its compensation with a view to find some practical strategies in translation when untranslatabiltiy occurs. Based on Eugene A. Nida’s classification of language culture, the author analyzes causes of cultural untranslatability in terms of ecological culture, material culture, social culture, religious culture, and linguistic culture through specific examples. As the cultural untranslatability is conditioned, variable, and dynamic, some translation strategies are proposed for tranferring untranslatability to translatability.展开更多
In the 21st century, with gradually accelerating process of globalization, international exchanges are increasingly frequent. We should understand that within the range of the same cultural context, people have little...In the 21st century, with gradually accelerating process of globalization, international exchanges are increasingly frequent. We should understand that within the range of the same cultural context, people have little difficulties in communicating with others; however, if we use the same way to treat the one who is under other cultural backgrounds, they tend to have misunderstanding or confliction, affecting the interaction and communication and causing undue loss. Business English translation is communication process and tools held between people speaking different languages to conduct commercial communication. Culture is a factor in translation that cannot be ignored, different nations have different historical backgrounds, manners, customs, cultural traditions, therefore, business English translation must understand the cultural differences between China and the West, and tried to make these differences disappear in the interpretation process and find the exact words in the target language, so exotic cultural can represented in the target language.展开更多
Cancer genomics is a rapidly growing discipline in which the genetic molecular basis of malignancy is studied at the scale of whole genomes.While the discipline has been successful with respect to identifying specific...Cancer genomics is a rapidly growing discipline in which the genetic molecular basis of malignancy is studied at the scale of whole genomes.While the discipline has been successful with respect to identifying specific oncogenes and tumor suppressors involved in oncogenesis,it is also challenging our approach to managing patients suffering from this deadly disease.Specifically cancer genomics is driving clinical oncology to take a more molecular approach to diagnosis,prognostication,and treatment selection.We review here recent work undertaken in cancer genomics with an emphasis on translation of genomic findings.Finally,we discuss scientific challenges and research opportunities emerging from findings derived through analysis of tumors with high-depth sequencing.展开更多
Translation has been the subject of a variety of research and conflicts among theorists. This fact that gives Thomas Samuel Kuhn＇s paradigm theory is pertinent to the present study. Kuhn is an American philosopher of...Translation has been the subject of a variety of research and conflicts among theorists. This fact that gives Thomas Samuel Kuhn＇s paradigm theory is pertinent to the present study. Kuhn is an American philosopher of Science. In his book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, he proposes his paradigm theory which plays a great role in the development of sociology and philosophy of Science. According to Kuhn （1970）, paradigm originates from one or some famous people＇s achievements, and for these achievements to be considered as paradigms, two major characteristics must be met as will be clarified in this paper. This study is an attempt to outline the scope of the disciplines of Translation Studies （TS）, to give some indication of the kind of work that has been done so far. It is an attempt to demonstrate that TS is a discipline in its own right. It is a vastly complex field with many far-reaching ramifications. This study discusses the relationships between the changing definitions of translation and the turns of translation studies.展开更多
This paper studies the address term translation from the cognitive perspective. Concerning the difficulties in rendering the cultural connotations in address terms, the author introduces experiential view and culture ...This paper studies the address term translation from the cognitive perspective. Concerning the difficulties in rendering the cultural connotations in address terms, the author introduces experiential view and culture model as the guidelines to solve the problems. The results show the significance of bridging the cultural gap in address term translation.展开更多
Although in China, ordinary translation theories favor the foreignizing strategy in translating culture, and outside China, there are opposing strategies between the cultural studies school and deconstructionist schoo...Although in China, ordinary translation theories favor the foreignizing strategy in translating culture, and outside China, there are opposing strategies between the cultural studies school and deconstructionist school, translation teachers should be fully aware of their respective revelations and limitations to translation teaching. This paper holds that in undergraduate C-E （Chinese-English~ translation teaching, the linguistic strategy is assimilation rather than alienation, thus, idiomaticness and preciseness should be emphasized. In teaching cultural translation strategy, first, we should promote students＇ cultural competence, which includes culture perceptive competence, culture comparison competence, culture evaluation competence, and culture mediation competence. Second, we need differentiate cultural strategies to translate literary and practical materials. In translating practical materials, functionality determines adaptation or exoticization; in translating literary materials, when cultural factor is the topic of writing, exoticization is employed for the main except that part of politeness system in institutional culture, abstract concrete conversion and description affection model in spiritual culture are adapted. When cultural factor is the background of writing, it is the target text aestheticality and readership intertextuality that determine adaptation or exoticization.展开更多
Culture is the sum of the products from human creation of material and spiritual. It contains the values, behaviors, literary arts, customs, lifestyles, economical and political system and so on that human groups poss...Culture is the sum of the products from human creation of material and spiritual. It contains the values, behaviors, literary arts, customs, lifestyles, economical and political system and so on that human groups possess. Language is the carrier and the crystallization of culture, it is also a mirror which is reflecting the culture. Any kind of national language is always inextricably linked with the nation＇s culture, and any language is the reflection of the culture. Mastering a language must understand the culture of the language belongs, especially cultural differences in customs. Culture refers to cultural practices throughout society and everyday commtmication activities by the national customs form. Due to the big contrast of culture and customs between Western and Chinese, if the English learners want to grasp English, they must understand and master the differences between Chinese and Western culture, they can not speak in English with Chinese cultural communication patterns. Differences between Chinese and Western customs exist everywhere, to understand these cultural practices will help understanding and use English correctly.展开更多
A fertile ground is needed for a work to be translated and accepted successfully in the target culture, which includes enough understanding of the ideology and poetics of the source text. Sometimes, a work could be tr...A fertile ground is needed for a work to be translated and accepted successfully in the target culture, which includes enough understanding of the ideology and poetics of the source text. Sometimes, a work could be translated and introduced into a culture too early before the readers there can understand the foreign idea and poetics. The innovative language and narrative experiment in Finnegans Wake are far ahead of the literary tradition in contemporary China, which makes it hard to be understood and accepted wholeheartedly by most Chinese readers. However, such experimental works should not be translated in a domesti- cating way to make them easier. If the experimental poetics in Finnegans Wake were kept in the translation as much as possible, it could advance the acceptance of new ideas and poetics in modem Chinese literature, especially when some efforts are given to make the translated work popular.展开更多
Comparative literature is one of the main disciplines out of which translation studies emerged, so it is hardly surprising if at times the relationship between the two subjects has been marked by antagonism. Comparati...Comparative literature is one of the main disciplines out of which translation studies emerged, so it is hardly surprising if at times the relationship between the two subjects has been marked by antagonism. Comparative literary scholars, in particular--perennially anxious about the status of comparative lit- erature itself have argued that their discipline has been subsumed and superseded by translation studies. Yet in recent decades, the two subject areas have also been growing further apart, to the extent that Susan Bassnett, one of the key proponents of the antagonistic view, has modified her stance and argued instead for a rap- prochement between the two under the heading of intercultural studies.展开更多
Translation is not just a tool in knowledge learning and cross-cultural commtmication but also an apprenticeship or respiration for writers. Writers use translation to prepare themselves for their own work, or to seek...Translation is not just a tool in knowledge learning and cross-cultural commtmication but also an apprenticeship or respiration for writers. Writers use translation to prepare themselves for their own work, or to seek distraction or alternative voices in the works of the writers they admire. This paper attempts to nxake an interdisciplinary study of the relationship between translation and imitation by performing a case study of Bernard Shaw＇s Pygmalion and Lin Yu-tang＇s Confucius Saw Nancy, both translated by the writer Lin Yu-tang. The article argues that by reading and translating works in other languages, a writer can not only enrich his own writing but also use another language and literary system to examine his own work.展开更多
文摘Translation is cross-cultural activity existing between two different language signs. In the process of translating, translators can not get out of the influence of cultural elements. From the angle of cross-cultural pragmatic contrasting, the author makes analysis of the problems of difference existing between the volume of information borne or transmitted between two different language signs in the process of translating under the influence of cultural elements, and points out that to study these problems, translators must consider a series of problems about cross-cultural cognitive context. This article also makes cross-cultural pragmatic contrastive analysis in world view difference, register difference, imaginative difference and metaphor difference. The author introduces the method of cross-cultural pragmatic contrastive analysis and suggests taking a series of measures to improve translation education.
文摘Allusions are full of cultural connotations. How to make people in different countries understand each ot^er？ Translation will be one useful way. Translation is the bridge of cultural communication. How can translators translate allusions correctly？ Firstly, translators should have a general idea about the specific cultural connotation of allusions. Each allusion has its own cultural background. Otherwise people would have difficulty in understanding allusions, and they may misunderstand them. Secondly, translators should try to find suitable methods in translating them. The result will be different if translators choose different methods
文摘The work of translators are not always perfect, however, many of them will inevitably contain elements of misunderstanding. Of course, most of those misunderstandings are by the reason of misapprehending the correct meaning of words, especially in the field of non-literary tanslation. My purpose is rather to show translators -- and, by extension, others who are learning English -- how to recognize the accurate message of words in a first draft and how to revise them so as to eliminate those incorrect translated texts.
文摘The paper is intended to study the cultural untranslatability in Chinese-English literary translation and its compensation with a view to find some practical strategies in translation when untranslatabiltiy occurs. Based on Eugene A. Nida’s classification of language culture, the author analyzes causes of cultural untranslatability in terms of ecological culture, material culture, social culture, religious culture, and linguistic culture through specific examples. As the cultural untranslatability is conditioned, variable, and dynamic, some translation strategies are proposed for tranferring untranslatability to translatability.
文摘In the 21st century, with gradually accelerating process of globalization, international exchanges are increasingly frequent. We should understand that within the range of the same cultural context, people have little difficulties in communicating with others; however, if we use the same way to treat the one who is under other cultural backgrounds, they tend to have misunderstanding or confliction, affecting the interaction and communication and causing undue loss. Business English translation is communication process and tools held between people speaking different languages to conduct commercial communication. Culture is a factor in translation that cannot be ignored, different nations have different historical backgrounds, manners, customs, cultural traditions, therefore, business English translation must understand the cultural differences between China and the West, and tried to make these differences disappear in the interpretation process and find the exact words in the target language, so exotic cultural can represented in the target language.
基金supported in part by the National Institutes of Health through MD Anderson's Cancer Center Support Grant CA016672
文摘Cancer genomics is a rapidly growing discipline in which the genetic molecular basis of malignancy is studied at the scale of whole genomes.While the discipline has been successful with respect to identifying specific oncogenes and tumor suppressors involved in oncogenesis,it is also challenging our approach to managing patients suffering from this deadly disease.Specifically cancer genomics is driving clinical oncology to take a more molecular approach to diagnosis,prognostication,and treatment selection.We review here recent work undertaken in cancer genomics with an emphasis on translation of genomic findings.Finally,we discuss scientific challenges and research opportunities emerging from findings derived through analysis of tumors with high-depth sequencing.
文摘Translation has been the subject of a variety of research and conflicts among theorists. This fact that gives Thomas Samuel Kuhn＇s paradigm theory is pertinent to the present study. Kuhn is an American philosopher of Science. In his book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, he proposes his paradigm theory which plays a great role in the development of sociology and philosophy of Science. According to Kuhn （1970）, paradigm originates from one or some famous people＇s achievements, and for these achievements to be considered as paradigms, two major characteristics must be met as will be clarified in this paper. This study is an attempt to outline the scope of the disciplines of Translation Studies （TS）, to give some indication of the kind of work that has been done so far. It is an attempt to demonstrate that TS is a discipline in its own right. It is a vastly complex field with many far-reaching ramifications. This study discusses the relationships between the changing definitions of translation and the turns of translation studies.
文摘This paper studies the address term translation from the cognitive perspective. Concerning the difficulties in rendering the cultural connotations in address terms, the author introduces experiential view and culture model as the guidelines to solve the problems. The results show the significance of bridging the cultural gap in address term translation.
文摘Although in China, ordinary translation theories favor the foreignizing strategy in translating culture, and outside China, there are opposing strategies between the cultural studies school and deconstructionist school, translation teachers should be fully aware of their respective revelations and limitations to translation teaching. This paper holds that in undergraduate C-E （Chinese-English~ translation teaching, the linguistic strategy is assimilation rather than alienation, thus, idiomaticness and preciseness should be emphasized. In teaching cultural translation strategy, first, we should promote students＇ cultural competence, which includes culture perceptive competence, culture comparison competence, culture evaluation competence, and culture mediation competence. Second, we need differentiate cultural strategies to translate literary and practical materials. In translating practical materials, functionality determines adaptation or exoticization; in translating literary materials, when cultural factor is the topic of writing, exoticization is employed for the main except that part of politeness system in institutional culture, abstract concrete conversion and description affection model in spiritual culture are adapted. When cultural factor is the background of writing, it is the target text aestheticality and readership intertextuality that determine adaptation or exoticization.
文摘Culture is the sum of the products from human creation of material and spiritual. It contains the values, behaviors, literary arts, customs, lifestyles, economical and political system and so on that human groups possess. Language is the carrier and the crystallization of culture, it is also a mirror which is reflecting the culture. Any kind of national language is always inextricably linked with the nation＇s culture, and any language is the reflection of the culture. Mastering a language must understand the culture of the language belongs, especially cultural differences in customs. Culture refers to cultural practices throughout society and everyday commtmication activities by the national customs form. Due to the big contrast of culture and customs between Western and Chinese, if the English learners want to grasp English, they must understand and master the differences between Chinese and Western culture, they can not speak in English with Chinese cultural communication patterns. Differences between Chinese and Western customs exist everywhere, to understand these cultural practices will help understanding and use English correctly.
文摘A fertile ground is needed for a work to be translated and accepted successfully in the target culture, which includes enough understanding of the ideology and poetics of the source text. Sometimes, a work could be translated and introduced into a culture too early before the readers there can understand the foreign idea and poetics. The innovative language and narrative experiment in Finnegans Wake are far ahead of the literary tradition in contemporary China, which makes it hard to be understood and accepted wholeheartedly by most Chinese readers. However, such experimental works should not be translated in a domesti- cating way to make them easier. If the experimental poetics in Finnegans Wake were kept in the translation as much as possible, it could advance the acceptance of new ideas and poetics in modem Chinese literature, especially when some efforts are given to make the translated work popular.
文摘Comparative literature is one of the main disciplines out of which translation studies emerged, so it is hardly surprising if at times the relationship between the two subjects has been marked by antagonism. Comparative literary scholars, in particular--perennially anxious about the status of comparative lit- erature itself have argued that their discipline has been subsumed and superseded by translation studies. Yet in recent decades, the two subject areas have also been growing further apart, to the extent that Susan Bassnett, one of the key proponents of the antagonistic view, has modified her stance and argued instead for a rap- prochement between the two under the heading of intercultural studies.
文摘Translation is not just a tool in knowledge learning and cross-cultural commtmication but also an apprenticeship or respiration for writers. Writers use translation to prepare themselves for their own work, or to seek distraction or alternative voices in the works of the writers they admire. This paper attempts to nxake an interdisciplinary study of the relationship between translation and imitation by performing a case study of Bernard Shaw＇s Pygmalion and Lin Yu-tang＇s Confucius Saw Nancy, both translated by the writer Lin Yu-tang. The article argues that by reading and translating works in other languages, a writer can not only enrich his own writing but also use another language and literary system to examine his own work.
