中国天文学的缩影和索引——《中国天文学文摘》七年回顾

由中国科学院北京天文台等单位编辑出版的《中国天文学文摘》(季刊)已迈入第8卷,它是中国科学技术文摘系列出版物之一,系全国性检索类期刊。它正在逐步走向比较成熟之路,而且步入世界科学文摘期刊之林,是海内外学者了解并查考中国天文学进展的重要文献,功能和效果日益显著。只要一刊在手。

英美报刊有关南京大屠杀的报道选译

卢沟桥事变爆发后,中日战争的进展成为西方媒体重要的新闻来源。南京是中国国民政府的首都,更是关注的重点。为了报道日军对南京的占领,美联社、路透社、《纽约时报》《芝加哥每日新闻》等西方媒体的记者留了下来,南京沦陷几天之后才离开。留在南京的十多个美籍人士也将他们的日记和书信传递出去。因此,英美国报刊有许多南京大屠杀的报道。笔者从中挑选了美国《文学文摘》(Literary Digest)、美国《视野》(Ken)、英国《曼彻斯特卫报》(the Manchester Guardian)刊载的“南京沦陷”(1937年12月25日)“南京的劫难”(1938年6月2日)“南京的浩劫”(1938年7月11日)三篇文章进行译介。

精确新闻如何避免抽样误区

精确新闻报道是将社会学研究方法和传统新闻报道方式融为一体的新的报道方法,主张记者在采访新闻时,运用调查、实验和内容分析等社会科学研究方法,收集资料、查证事实、从而报道新闻。这种报道方法在20世纪60年代产生于美国,80年代在我国出现并逐渐流行。由于精确新闻在我国的起步较晚,在报刊中的运用还不甚成熟,

期刊阅读行为特征的变与不变

定位为华文世界最大电子杂志超市的龙源期刊网,有着丰富的内容资源和强大的搜索功能。读者可通过网站的高效关联性搜索,在近60万册中文期刊与亿万篇文章中,搜寻自己需要的内容,按篇计费。用户阅读行为是企业以及各杂志社数字化发展的风向标,相关的研究对整个互联网领域也有着重要意义。一、期刊阅读用户十年来的行为特征发生了哪些变化(一)搜索关键词发生了变化以时间为线索。

2013数字阅读影响力期刊Top100排行解读

一年一度的龙源期刊Top100排行发布,2013年是第九次,在今年的发布内容中,有两个重要的变化:一是这个排行名称的变化.从2005年到2012年,Top100排行发布一直以“期刊网络传播Top100”见称,2013改称为“数字阅读影响力期刊Top100”,这是一个从云端落到实处的改变,是一个创新.第二个变化是今年的发布完全是按照不同的市场版块梳理的结果,是按照不同领域的受众群体数字阅读的排行.这是一个重要的改变,是一个创新,也是主要报告的主题内容.

调查研究是领导者的基本功

一位领导者在进行日常工作时,都会遇到各式各样的问题要去解决.发现问题不容易,解决问题更不容易,需要经过十分艰苦的调查研究工作.调查研究是领导者的基本功.一、现代调查研究的特点现代调查研究有两个基本特点.1、调查研究社会化小生产在空间和时间的变化都是十分缓慢的,所以对小生产的了解,局部的典型情况往往就是全局情况的缩影.调查了一个村的情况,其它村的情况也大致相仿.而且,

大数据思维尚未形成

5年前,谷歌的一个研究团队在著名科学期刊《自然》上发布了一项令人瞩目的研究成果：不需要任何医疗检验结果,该小组能够追踪到当时扩散在全美的流感趋势,而且追踪速度比美国疾病控制中心（CDC）要快得多。谷歌的追踪只比流感爆发晚了一天,而CDC却花了一周甚至更多的时间来汇总一张流感传播趋势图。

数学教学中的小故事

生活不直接等同于教育,但教育如果离开了生活,就成了无源之水,无本之木.德国一位学者有过一个精辟的比喻：将15克盐放在你面前,无论如何你都难以下咽,但把这15克盐放入一碗美味可口的汤中,你就会不知不觉地在享用佳肴时,将这15克盐全部纳入身体内.

Immune response after photodynamic therapy increases anti-cancer and anti-bacterial effects

Photodynamic therapy(PDT) is a clinically approved procedure for treatment of cancer and infections. PDT involves systemic or topical administration of a photosensitizer(PS), followed by irradiation of the diseased area with light of a wavelength corresponding to an absorbance band of the PS. In the presence of oxygen, a photochemical reaction is initiated, leading to the generation of reactive oxygen species and cell death. Besides causing direct cytotoxic effects on illuminated tumor cells, PDT is known to cause damage to the tumor vasculature and induce the release of pro-inflammatory molecules. Pre-clinical and clinical studies have demonstrated that PDT is capable of affecting both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. Immune stimulatory properties of PDT may increase its beneficial effects giving the therapy wider potential to become more extensively used in clinical practice. Be-sides stimulating tumor-specific cytotoxic T-cells capable to destroy distant untreated tumor cells, PDT leads to development of anti-tumor memory immunity that can potentially prevent the recurrence of cancer. The immunological effects of PDT make the therapy more effective also when used for treatment of bacterial infections, due to an augmented infiltration of neutrophils into the infected regions that seems to potentiate the outcome of the treatment.

Role of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in autoimmune disease

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells(MDSCs) represent an important class of immunoregulatory cells that can be activated to suppress T cell functions. These MDSCs can inhibit T cell functions through cell surface interactions and the release of soluble mediators. MDSCs accumulate in the inflamed tissues and lymphoid organs of patients with autoimmune diseases. Much of our knowledge of MDSC function has come from studies involving cancer models, however many recent studies have helped to characterize MDSC involvement in autoimmune diseases. MDSCs are a heterogeneous group of immature myeloid cells with a number of different functions for the suppression of T cell responses. However, we have yet to fully understand their contributions to the development and regulation of autoimmune diseases. A number of studies have described beneficial functions of MDSCs during autoimmune diseases, and thus there appears to be a potential role for MDSCs in the treatment of these diseases. Nevertheless, many questions remain as to the activation, differentiation, and inhibitory functions of MDSCs. This review aims to summarize our current knowledge of MDSC subsets and suppressive functions in tissue-specific autoimmune disorders. We also describe the potential of MDSC-basedcell therapy for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and note some of hurdles facing the implementation of this therapy.

Apoptotic signaling through reactive oxygen species in cancer cells

Reactive oxygen species(ROS) take part in diverse biological processes like cell growth,programmed cell death,cell senescence,and maintenance of the transformed state through regulation of signal transduction. Cancer cells adapt to new higher ROS circumstance. Sometimes,ROS induce cancer cell proliferation. Meanwhile,elevated ROS render cancer cells vulnerable to oxidative stress-induced cell death. However,this prominent character of cancer cells allows acquiring a resistance to oxidative stress conditions relative to normal cells. Activated signaling pathways that increase the level of intracellular ROS in cancer cells not only render up-regulation of several genes involved in cellular proliferation and evasion of apoptosis but also cause cancer cells and cancer stem cells to develop a high metabolic rate. In over the past several decades,many studies have indicated that ROS play a critical role as the secondary messenger of tumorigenesis and metastasis in cancer from both in vitro and in vivo. Here we summarize the role of ROS and anti-oxidants in contributing to or preventing cancer. In addition,we review the activated signaling pathways that make cancer cells susceptible to death.

Noise-induced hearing loss in the 21^(st) century: A research and translational update

Millions of people worldwide are exposed to harmful levels of noise daily in their work and leisure environment. This makes noise-induced hearing loss(NIHL) a major occupational health risk globally. NIHL is the second most common form of acquired hearing loss after agerelated hearing loss and is itself a major contributing factor to presbycusis. Temporary threshold shifts, once thought to be relatively harmless and recoverable, are now known to cause permanent cochlear injury leading to permanent loss of hearing sensitivity. This article reviews the current understanding of the cellular and molecular pathophysiology of NIHL with latest findings from animal models. Therapeutic approaches to protect against or to mitigate NIHL are discussed based on their proposed action against these known mechanisms of cochlear injury. Successes in identifying genes that predispose individuals to NIHL by candidate gene association studies are discussed with matched gene knockout animal models. This links to exciting developments in experimental gene therapy to replace and regenerate lost hair cells and post-noise otoprotective therapies currently being investigated in clinical trials. The aim is to provide new insights into current and projected future strategies to manage NIHL; bench to bedside treatment is foreseeable in the next 5 to 10 years.

Eotaxin-2 blockade ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

AIM： To study the effect of blocking the eo-2 pathwaon the development and severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis （EAE）. METHODS： We produced mAb directed against eo-2named D8. MOG35-55 induced-EAE mice were dailintravenously injected with either 25 μg or 100 μg D8or with vehicle control alone [phosphate-buffered saline（PBS）], starting from day 0 post immunization and weremonitored for EAE clinical score （n = 10 in each group）Mice were sacrifced on day 58 and their sera were assessed for the presence of anti-myelin oligodendrocyteglycoprotein （anti-MOG） antibodies autoantibodies, awell as for the profle of pro-infammatory cytokines andchemokines. Histological analysis of brain sections waperformed by hematoxylin and eosin staining.RESULTS： Daily treatment of EAE induced mice with D8 signifcantly decreased the severity of EAE symp-toms. Treatment with both concentrations of D8 ame-liorated EAE symptoms compared to PBS treated mice, starting from day 42 post immunization （0.89 ± 0.35 in D8 25 μg and D8 100 μg treated groups vs 2.11 ± 0.38 in the PBS treated group, P = 0.03）. A signifcant im-provement in EAE clinical score compared to total IgG treated mice was observed with the higher concentra-tion of D8 （0.81 ± 0.38 in D8 100 μg treated group vs 2.11 ± 0.31 in IgG1 treated group, on day 56 post immunization, P = 0.04）. D8 treated mice with EAE did not signifcantly exhibit lower sera levels of anti-MOG autoantibodies compared to IgG-treated mice. How-ever, they expressed lower sera levels of the pro-in-fammatory cytokines： tumor necrosis factor （7.8 ± 0.2 pg/mL in D8 100 μg treated mice vs 19.9 ± 3.4 pg/mL in IgG treated mice, P = 0.005） and interferon-gamma （1.4 ± 0.6 pg/mL in D8 100 μg treated mice vs 3.6 ± 0.4 pg/mL in IgG treated mice, P = 0.02）, as well as reduced levels of the chemokine macrophage che-moattractant protein-1 （27.2 ± 3.1 pg/mL in D8 100 μg treated mice vs 63.7 ± 12.3 pg/mL in IgG treated mice, P = 0.03）. These fndings indicate that blocking the eo-2 pathway in EAE may affect not only eosino-phil infltration into the central nervous system （CNS）, but also have an effect on monocytes and T cells, but not humoral, mediated responses. Histological analysis of the brains of D8 treated mice with EAE support that this treatment decreases immune cells infltrates in the CNS.CONCLUSION： Taken together, these fndings suggest a role for eo-2 in EAE pathogenesis and consequen-tially may support a therapeutic potential of anti-eo-2 neutralizing mAb in multiple sclerosis.

Vestibular evoked myogenic potential

Vestibular evoked myogenic potential （VEMP）, is an electromyographic response of vestibular origin evoked by sound, vibration or electrical stimulation. VEMP is widely used as a clinical test of the otolith organs. Now-adays, two kinds of VEMP, cervical VEMP （cVEMP） and ocular VEMP （oVEMP） are clinically used. cVEMP is a test of sacculo-collic refex while oVEMP is a test of utri-culo-ocular refex. Absence of responses, large interau-ral asymmetry of amplitudes, prolonged peak latencies, and abnormal thresholds of responses are regarded as abnormal responses. Clinical application to various diseases of the vestibular system was performed. Using VEMP, a new type of vestibular neuritis, inferior ves-tibular neuritis was established. A prominent feature of VEMP in Meniere’s disease is a shift of a preferred fre-quency in cVEMP. The whole aspects of VEMP fndings in patients with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo are not clarifed yet. Sensitivity of cVEMP to vestibular schwannoma was 80.0%, while specifcity was 52.7%. Concerning diagnosis of superior canal dehiscence syn-drome （SCDS）, oVEMP to air-conducted sound is the most helpful. Augmentation of oVEMP responses is a prominent feature in SCDS. I also presented “idiopathic otolithic vertigo”, which I proposed as a new clinical en-tity based on VEMP fndings. Some patients complained of lateral tilting sensation in the roll plane, or tilting or translational sensation in the pitch plane without rota-tory vertigo. Majority of patients with these symptoms had absent or decreased responses of oVEMP and/or cVEMP. I proposed that these patients could be diag-nosed as having “idiopathic otolithic vertigo”.

Multi-scaled simulation of latticed frames considering bending collapse of pipes

To consider the bending collapse of the pipes in the latticed frames, based on the multi-scale simulation, the collapsed parts of the pipe are meshed by the shell elements as micro-scaled models, and the other parts are meshed by beam elements macro-models. The incremental displacement constraint equations for the nodes on the section between the two models are established based on the plane section premise of classical beam theory. The method to introduce the constraint equations is derived based on the Updated Largrangian method. The location of the micro-model is predicted by the stress field of the beam element, and the length of the collapsed part is adjusted by the plastic energy in the micro model. Several examples are included to illustrate the efficiency and accuracy of this method.

Extended pectoralis major myocutaneous flap in head and neck reconstruction

Although the pectoralis major myocutaneous flap is often used in head and neck reconstruction, the extension of the skin paddle beyond the inferior limits of the muscle has not been well described. We aim to clarify the design and application of this extended flap in head and neck reconstruction. In this retrospective study, consecutive cases of extended pectoralis major myocutaneous flap reconstruction of post-ablative head and neck defects at a single tertiary referral center were included for analysis. In 7 cases an extended pectoralis major flap was utilized, in which the skin paddle was extended beyond the inferior border of the pectoralis major to include the rectus sheath. Skin and soft tissue as well as composite defects of the oral cavity, parotid/temporal region and neck were reconstructed. All flaps healed satisfactorily with no loss of skin viability. The extended pectoralis major myocutaneous flap is robust and has versatile applications for reconstruction of large, high and three dimensionally complex defects in the head and neck region.

Noise-induced cochlear inflammation

Hearing loss is the most common sensory disability with considerable social and economic implications. According to recent World Health Organization estimates,360 million people worldwide suffer from moderate to profound hearing loss. Exposure to excessive noise is one of the major causes of sensorineural hearing loss,secondary only to age-related hearing loss(presbyacusis). Since cochlear tissues have limited abilities of repair and regeneration, this damage can be irreversible, leading to cochlear dysfunction and permanent hearing loss. Recent studies have shown that cochlear inflammation can be induced by noise exposure and contribute to the overall pathogenesis of cochlear injury and hearing loss. The cochlea is separated from the systemic circulation by the blood-labyrinth barrier,which is physiologically similar to the blood-brain barrier of the central nervous system. Because of this feature, the cochlea was originally considered an immunologically privileged organ. However, this postulate has been challenged by the evidence of an inflammatory response in the cochlea in the presence of bacterial or viral pathogens or antigens that can cause labyrinthitis. Although the main purpose of the inflammatory reaction is to protect against invading pathogens, the inflammatory response can also cause significant bystander injury to the delicate structures of the cochlea. The cochlear inflammatory response is characterised by the generation of proinflammatory mediators(cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules), and the recruitment of inflammatory cells(leukocytes). Here, we present an overview of the current research on cochlear inflammation, with particular emphasis on noise-induced cochlear inflammation. We also discuss treatment strategies aimed at the suppression of inflammation, which may potentially lead to mitigation of hearing loss.

Circulating immune cell activation and diet: A review on human trials

Protein energy malnutrition is the main cause of immunodeficiency and, secondarily, of several infections. However, immune cell activation is involved in several pathophysiological processes that play a crucial role in the appearance of cardiovascular disease(CVD) or cancer. The aim of this review is to update the knowledge of the modulation of immune cell activation by different dietary patterns and its components focusing on CVD or cancer. While a westernized high-saturated fat highcarbohydrate diet is positively associated with lowgrade inflammation, vegetable- and fruit-based diets rich in monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids and polyphenols, key nutrients of Mediterranean diet, decrease the levels of cellular and circulating inflammatory biomarkers thereby reducing the risk of related chronic diseases.

Stem and immune cells in colorectal primary tumour:Number and function of subsets may diagnose metastasis

An important percentage of colorectal cancer （CRC） patients will develop metastasis, mainly in the liver, even after a successful curative resection. This leads to a very high mortality rate if metastasis is not detected early on. Disseminated cancer cells develop from metastatic stem cells （MetSCs）. Recent knowledge has accumulated about these cells particularly in CRC, so they may now be tracked from the removed primary tumour. This approach could be especially important in prognosis of metastasis because it is becoming clear that metastasis does not particularly rely on testable driver mutations. Among the many traits supporting an epigenetic amplifcation of cell survival and self-renewal mechanisms of MetSCs, the role of many immune cell populations present in tumour tissues is becoming clear. The amount of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes （T, B and natural killer cells）, dendritic cells and some regulatory populations have already shown prognostic value or to be correlated with disease-free survival time, mainly in immunohistochemistry studies of unique cell populations. Parallel analyses of these immune cell populations together with MetSCs in the primary tumour of patients, with later follow-up data of the patients, will define the usefulness of specific combinations of both immune and MetSCs cell populations. It is expected that these combinations, together to different biomarkers in the form of an immune score, may predict future tumour recurrences, metastases and/or mortality in CRC. It will also support the future design of improved immunotherapeutic approaches against metastasis.

GRP78 expression beyond cellular stress:A biomarker for tumor manipulation

Physiological stress takes place in the endoplasmicreticulum （ER） of cells where activation and up-regulationof genes and proteins are primarily induced to enhancepro-survival mechanisms such as the unfolded protein response （UPR）. A dominant protein in the UPR response is the heat shock GRP78 protein. Although GRP78 is primarily located in the ER, under certain conditions it is transported to the cell surface, where it acts as a receptor inducing pathways of cell signaling such as proliferation or apoptosis. In the prolonged chronic stress transportation of the GRP78 from the ER to the cell membrane is a major event where in addition to the presentation of the GRP78 as a receptor to various ligands, it also marks the cells that will proceed to apoptotic pathways. In the normal cell that under stress acquires cell surface GRP78 and in the tumor cell that already presents cell surface GRP78, cell surface GRP78 is an apoptotic fag. The internalization of GRP78 from the cell surface in normal cells by ligands such as peptides will enhance cell survival and alleviate cardiovascular ischemic diseases. The absence of cell surface GRP78 in the tumor cells portends proliferative and metastatic tumors. Pharmacological induction of cell surface GRP78 will induce the process of apoptosis and might be used as a therapeutic modality for cancer treatment.