清中后期宾兴款的设置与下层士绅权力的扩张——以温州为例

清嘉庆时期,温州地区开始比较集中地以民间集资的方式建立用于资助乡试旅费的宾兴款,至清末科举废除之前,形成了一个分布于县—乡镇两级的宾兴款体系。一些下层士绅借助宾兴款募捐和日常管理,获得了参与地方公共事务管理的机会,同时,也获得了对于宾兴款的实际控制权。以宾兴款为代表的教育公产成为他们处理地方事务可资调度的资源,为他们获取权力提供了物质基础。这在太平天国运动时期,抵御金钱会攻城时表现的相当明显。太平天国运动以后,伴随着宾兴款项向乡镇一级的推广,更多下层士绅参与募款和管理工作,从而为他们日后在基层的活跃打开了方便之门。

Using Mixed Methods to Investigate the Relationship Between Student Motivation and Academic Achievement From Socio-Cultural Perspective

Language learning is a complex process for many reasons. First, it is closely related to linguistics. Second, language is social as it occurs within certain social contexts. And finally, it is individual. Personal characteristics such as experience, gender and age, attitude and aptitude, motivation, beliefs, self-confidence, and anxiety greatly influence language learning. Among these variables, motivation is considered to be one of the most important factors affecting the success of second or foreign language learning. However, the relationship between motivation and educational achievement is not quite clear. In the current literature, motivation is regarded as socially constructed, therefore as dynamic rather than static. Little research has been conducted on the motivation of Vietnamese students studying English as a compulsory curriculum component rather than as a major from a socio-cultural perspective. Understanding the relationship between student motivation and academic achievement as well as the socio-cultural factors that affect students＇ motivation will be an important contribution to motivation theory. Therefore, the situation requires longitudinal and in-depth research into student motivation, the factors affecting it during the learning process, and the relationship between student motivation and academic achievement. A mixed method approach has been chosen to meet the needs of the study. It is believed that insights in these areas will help address the issue of motivation at the Police University.

Blood is not always thicker than water:The limited effect of kin selection on human kinship in the traditional Chinese family

To examine the importance of kin selection in shaping human societies, this study analyzed the kinship system practiced in traditional China for two millennia and teased apart its underlying genetic and other, presumably cultural, components. The results demonstrate that, in the traditional patrilineal Chinese family, both genetic relatedness and the cultural factor of generation were important in determining kinship status for male agnates （genetically related relatives）. For female agnates, however, only genetic relatedness was important. Another surprising finding was that the influence of gender was not as important as genetic relatedness. The most interesting finding in this study, however, was that kin selection and culture （i.e., seniority in generation and age） played vastly different roles in different lineages in the Chinese family： for collateral （indirect） agnates, genetic relatedness was the most important factor in determining their kinship status, but for lineal （direct） agnates, its importance was overridden by seniority in generation and age, a cultural factor. Several other bio-cultural factors also explained a considerable amount of variance in kinship status. Since kinship profoundly affected, and was often the foundation of, the legal and social systems in dynastic China, kin selection, while its strength may differ remarkably between lineal and collateral relatives, could act as a selective force in Chinese families

The Use of Sectarian Ties Inside Syrian Modern Political System

This article explores the concept of sects as social formations and the process of secularization sects has been undergone in the modern era, implying their exposition to political manipulation by various internal and external actors. We analyse this subject in the context of the modern Syrian State and, in particular, with reference to the political system established by President Hafez al-Asad in the 70’s. The use of sectarian ties appears as part of the regime patrimonial features, being a political strategy used in order to bind particular society’s groups to the regime. In this sense, sectarianism has nothing to do with religion and it requires to be analysed as a socio-political phenomenon. This kind of analysis permits also to confute the identification between the Asad regime and the Alawite community and to understand the complexity of the relation between the President and the community he originated from.

Under the Skin. Intangible Components as the Basic Realities of Contemporary Post-bureaucratic Organizations： A Sociological Perspective

This article attempts to analyze, through a re-reading of the present sociological literature on the organization （that explores the organizations themselves in terms of ＂tacit＂ rather than ＂explicit＂, ＂socio-cultural systems＂ rather than ＂socio-technical systems＂）, the main intangible components that may affect the organizational live and all the organizing in general for the good or the evil, with respect to the ＂success＂ rather than the ＂failure＂ of the ＂in and out＂ organizational acting. There are then some sorts of ＂basic assumptions＂, deemed indispensable, also because they are still there and live in organizations but they do not always have a careful importance. Therefore the objective of the article is to describe them highlighting their salience and attempt to define parameters for further in-depth studies.

Euphemism in Modem American English

Euphemism, as the linguistic and cultural phenomenon, is a lubricant in linguistic communication used in different aspects of social lives. With the rapid development of science and progress of human civilization, euphemism, as one of the most important components in English language, has the tendency of multiplying. This paper, based on the development of euphemism in modem American English, sums up the basic features of euphemism in modem American English and analyzes its formation and application in modem American society and culture with the objective of improving learners＇ communication ability in the context of cross cultural communication.

Analysis the development of cultural pattems and the evolution of Chinese traditional martial arts

Chinese martial arts have a long history, profound, which is an integral part of Chinese traditional culture of grandeur. China joined the WTO and the Beijing Olympic Games ＂has a rich cultural heritage of thousands of years of Chinese martial arts with its unique charm and much of the world＇ s attention.＂ In the face of opportunities and challenges, the international spread of martial arts has become an irresistible trend. ＂First of propagation, the spread of the concept of martial arts and martial arts were defined international spread, and it were explains martial international spread of cultural level societal level and significance of the economic level, dialectical judge the outcome of the international transmission acquired with the problems.＂ Secondly, the traditional martial arts culture for martial international dissemination presented aphasia phenomenon, by means of the analysis of the advanced nature of martial arts culture, the martial arts and cultural heritage considered as the center of gravity advantages, not only to absorb the multicultural essence of martial arts culture useful, but also highlight the ethnic characteristics of martial arts culture, martial arts culture to enhance capacity external radiation, the Chinese martial arts as a complete all- round cultural forms, multi-level, multi-an^le display, promote the Chinese martial arts to the world in a more in-depth. ＂

Comparative Analysis on Juvenile Moral Education between China and America

In the 21st Century of the increasing living standards, the social demand for talents with various aspects of ability is becoming higher and higher. The families, study and society of generations after 70s and 80s pay more attention to cultivating their own children＇s comprehensive development. Juvenile moral education is an important part of the contemporary juvenile education. Juvenile moral education is worthy of being paid attention to. On one hand, it is because the juvenile education is in the most basic and critical stage of the whole education stage, which is in the stage of the biggest influence of education development; on the other hand, it is because the young people are active and curious by nature, which will cause the difficulty of moral education to increase in the education process. Various countries and regions in the world have their own unique cultures and adjustments,and these different cultures affect the residents of different countries and regions with different living habits, ways of thinking and behaviors; thus forming different cultural differences. This paper, by taking the juvenile moral education between China and America as the research object, aims at analyzing the Chinese and Western cultural difference in juvenile moral education representation and transmission, aiming at from point to area,promoting the communication and development of juvenile moral education.

Opportunity Cost or Opportunity Lost： The Humanities in South Africa

By positioning the debate on the future of the Humanities in an international setting, this essay presents an historical and contemporary account of them in South Africa. [ In this country the Humanities and the Social Sciences are subsumed under a single （and rather imperfect ） organizational rubric ]. The argument looks at the role they played during apartheid and their influence in bringing apartheid to an end. In the post-apartheid period the Humanities have fallen on hard times with less funding and failing student numbers. In this, South Africa follows the international trend but two enquiries into the future of the Humanities have opened space for a deep conversation on their future.

Calculation of Ecological Compensation Standards for the Kuancheng Traditional Chestnut Cultivation System

Kuancheng Traditional Chestnut Cultivation System is located in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Water Containment Function Area.The Traditional Chestnut Cultivation System is characterized by agroforestry compound,and some studies have shown that the compound planting of chestnut has better ecological benefits than the single chestnut planting mode.However,most of the local farmers in Kuancheng are mainly engaged in single chestnut cultivation.Through ecological compensation,farmers are being encouraged to change their chestnut planting mode,which can achieve the purpose of inheriting China’s important agricultural heritage and improving the ecological benefits.This paper introduces preference coefficients to correct for opportunity costs,and through interviews and questionnaires,we obtained the input and output of the single chestnut cultivation,chestnut-maitake,chestnut-millet,and chestnut-chicken and the income of laborers working outside the home in the Kuancheng area.Through analysis and calculation,we obtained the following results:(1)Although the net income of the three chestnut composite modes is higher,their economic input is higher than that of a single chestnut planting mode,and the return on unit investment is lower.(2)The average income of young and middle-aged workers who work outside is higher than that of the local farming industry,so the local chestnut agroforestry plantation has a higher opportunity cost.(3)The final calculation shows that the chestnut-chicken agroforestry operation mode needs no compensation,the chestnut-maitake plantation mode is compensated at least 1608.5 USD ha^(-1) yr^(-1),and the minimum compensation for the chestnut-millet plantation mode is 198.3 USD ha^(-1) yr^(-1),which can guarantee that farmers receive the full value of their creations.Ultimately,farmers are incentivized to revive the traditional agroforestry production mode to achieve both economic and ecological benefits while inheriting agricultural heritage.