從文木到神人:莊子的無何有之鄉

'《莊子》一書,秦漢以來皆不甚稱引,自三國時何晏、阮籍、嵇康出而書始盛行。'1《莊子》歴來被視為子書中難讀的一部,其'謬悠之説、荒唐之言、無端崖之辭'2給後世提供了無限的理解和想象的可能,在這無限的理解和想象中,莊子也留下了一處永遠的心結,即衆所熟知卻又是衆所陌生的'無何有之鄉'。自此概念出,大家皆作習慣語,但究竟何為'無何有之鄉'以及如何實現它,卻少見有深入研究。在我看來,何為'無何有之鄉'的重要意義,卻正在於它的實現。故此,本文從《莊子》文本出發,嘗試探究去往'無何有之鄉'之路,并進而探討何為'無何有之鄉'及其實現之命題。

吴敬梓《文木山房诗说》全文点校

文木山房诗说全椒吴敬梓敏轩纂孔子删诗太史公日:'古诗三千余篇,及至孔子,去其重,取可施于礼义。上采契、后稷,中述殷商之盛,至于幽厉之缺。三百五篇,孔子皆弦歌之,以求合韶武、雅颂之音。礼乐自此可得而述.

从“散木”到“文木”——先秦两汉散文中“木”意象的衍化

"木"意象在古代文学作品中反复出现,起初人们对"木"意象的描写没有上升到生命哲学的层面。自《庄子》以后,"木"意象开始与生命哲学挂钩。《庄子》一书中"散木"意象表达了庄子"无用之用"的生命哲学。刘胜在《文木赋》中将"文木"的生命历程与文人所渴望的生命历程紧密联系起来。其后,诸多汉代赋作又将"文木"意象予以变形与深化,共同反映了汉代文人的知遇诉求。从"散木"意象到"文木"意象的变化,折射出先秦两汉文人心态的变化,"散木"与"文木"又代表了儒道思想影响下中国古代文人的两种生命范式。

程晋方——《儒林外史》早期唯一肯露名姓的知音

众所周知,程晋芳写于乾隆乙巳(1749年)秋的《怀人诗十八首》之十六云:“《外史》纪儒林,刻画何工妍”,最早传出了《儒林外史》(以下简称《外史》)成书的信息。然而,由于紧接这两句程氏又云:“吾为斯为人悲,竟以稗说传”,较多的论者以为:这表露了程氏对小说的轻视,因而就将他在《外史》研究史上的地位与作用,大大打了折扣。通过近年来对程氏有关材料的反复研读,我发现:程晋芳决不是一个对小说持有偏见的人,今人对他多少有些误解。为了进一步弄清《外史》

“内七篇奥义”之四 《人间世》奥义——因应外境的庄学“处世”论

本文是“内七篇奥义”系列的第四篇。《养生主》阐明主动而理想的个体“人生”之后,《人间世》阐明互动而实际的群体“处世”:对君主专制正面强攻,与伪道俗见全面交锋,遂成“内七篇”最为危险之篇,庄子的隐晦其旨、支离其言因而臻于极至。旧庄学的谬解曲说,导致义理浅显的《人间世》像义理艰深的《齐物论》一样难懂。本文作者以史实考证为依据,详尽阐明了庄子对孔子的“不然于不然”“然于然”及“不然然”;进而以“内七篇”整体结构为依据,无懈可击地抉发出被旧庄学遮蔽两千年的千古未发之覆——庄学“间世”奥义。

“[木文肙]”字杂考

考证"[木文肙]"字为汉《衡方碑》"褘隋"之"隋"辗转而误,"褘隋"与《毛诗·羔羊》"委蛇"音义相同;《隶释》谓"褘隋"出《韩诗内传》,本员兴宗之说,并非洪适臆说;《韩诗》在宋孝宗乾道年间尚未亡逸,《韩诗》亡于五代后、亡于政和建炎间、至宋亡之已久诸说,皆非是。

Text type, language function and translation strategy of film lines

For different texts, different translation strategies should be adopted. This paper makes a case study on lines from Disney animation picture Mulan in the light of functional concept of translation. And it draws a conclusion that in the process of film translation, the translator is allowed to make some adaptations to make the translated version more appropriate in the original context, and that the translator is supposed to have both ＂semantic awareness＂ and ＂functional awareness＂, to achieve the equivalence between the SL text and TL text functionally.

Soil Fertility in Agroforestry System of Chinese Fir and Villous Amomum in Subtropical China

A trial of interplanting and non-interplanting villous amomum (Amomum villosum Lour.) under the canopy of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata Hook.) at age 22 was established in Sanming, Fujian of China, and a survey on soil fertility was carried out 10 years after its establishment. Compared with the control (non-interplanting), the properties of soil humus in agroforestry system were ameliorated, with a higher level of humification and resynthesis of organic detritus. The soil microbial population and enzymatic activities were both higher under the influence of villous amomum. Both the nutrient supplying and nutrient conserving capacities of the soil were improved. This agroforestry system exhibited an advantage of improved soil fertility as well as an accelerated growth of Chinese fir, it was, therefore, a sustainable management system suited for Chinese fir in South China.

Variable hydrological effects of herbs and shrubs in the arid northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China

This study aims to assess the hydrological effects of four herbs and four shrubs planted in a selfestablished test area in Xining Basin of northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China. The RainfallIntercepting Capability(RIC) of the herbs and shrubs was evaluated in rainfall interception experiment at the end of the third, fourth and fifth month of the growth period in 2007. The leaf transpiration rate and the effects of roots on promoting soil moisture evaporation in these plants were also assessed in transpiration experiment and root-soil composite system evaporation experiment in the five month's growth period. It is found that the RIC of the fourstudied herbs follows the order of E. repens, E. dahuricus, A. trachycaulum and L. secalinus; the RIC of the four shrubs follows the order of A. canescens, Z. xanthoxylon, C. korshinskii and N. tangutorum. The RIC of all the herbs is related linearly to their mean height and canopy area(R^2 ≥ 0.9160). The RIC of all the shrubs bears a logarithmic relationship with their mean height(R^2 ≥ 0.9164), but a linear one with their canopy area(R^2 ≥ 0.9356). Moreover, different species show different transpiration rates. Of the four herbs, E. repens has the highest transpiration rate of 1.07 mg/(m^2·s), and of the four shrubs, A. canescens has the highest transpiration rate(0.74 mg/(m^2·s)). The roots of all the herbs and shrubs can promote soil moisture evaporation. Of the four herbs, the evaporation rate of E. repens root-soil composite system is the highest(2.14%), and of the four shrubs,the root-soil composite system of A. canescens has the highest evaporation rate(1.41%). The evaporation rate of the root-soil composite system of E. dahuricus and Z. xanthoxylon bears a second-power linear relationship with evaporation time(R^2 ≥ 0.9924). The moisture content of all the eight root-soil composite systems decreases exponentially with evaporation time(R^2 ≥ 0.8434). The evaporation rate and moisture content of all the plants' root-soil composite systems increases logarithmically(R^2 ≥ 0.9606) and linearly(R^2 ≥ 0.9777) with root volume density. The findings of this study indicate that among the four herbs and four shrubs, E. repens and A. canescens possess the most effective hydrological effects in reducing the soil erosion and shallow landslide in this region.

Karakuri Ningyo Dolls and Toyota Commemorative Museum as Resources of Industrial Tourism

There are many Karakuri Ningyo dolls in the Chubu district of Japan. Karakuri Ningyo dolls are, so to speak, wooden automata with exemplification of creative technology unique to Japan. But Karakuri Ningyo dolls have not been appreciated as a significant resource of industrial tourism. The Chubu district of Japan has conserved and cultivated its treasures of Karakuri Ningyo dolls and Karakuri culture in the Toyota Commemorative Museum of Industry and Technology and Toyota company culture. The Museum provides an opportunity to consider the areal power to build up inter-connectivity between several local industrial elements; cotton manufacture as endogenous industry, nearby wood production and the assembly of skilled craftsman of wood working. So the region is one of the representative industrial tourism destinations which the tourist gaze directs upon. However, the region has not been generally recognized as an attractive destination for industrial tourism. This paper explored the significance of Chubu＇s resources of industrial tourism by tracing the technological development of Karakuri Ningyo dolls and Toyoda looms. This paper also demonstrated the historical uniqueness of the process of the modernaization of Japan.

Effects of Topography and Land use on Woody Plant Species Composition and Beta Diversity in an Arid Trans-Himalayan Landscape, Nepal

Distribution patterns of plant species are believed to be impacted by small-scale habitat heterogeneity. However, there have been few comparative studies examining how woody vegetation composition and diversity varies with aspects of different orientations in the Trans-Himalayan region at a local scale. Here, we examined the effects of incoming solar radiation on variation in woody species composition and compared the diversity between the northeast- and southwest-facing slopes in a Trans-Himalayan valley of Nepal. We also examined the implicit interactions between slope orientation and land use in determining the compositional variations between the slopes. We selected two pairs of northeast- and southwest-facing slopes where the first pair has a similar land use and differs in exposure only(Pisang site) while the other pair has clear differences in land use in addition to slope exposure(Braka site). In each site, we sampled 72 plots(36 on each slope) in which the presence and absence of woody species, environmental variables, and disturbance were recorded. Correspondence Analysis(CA) results suggested that the woody species composition significantly varied between northeast- and southwest-facing slopes at both sites, and was significantly correlated with measured environmental variables such as radiation index, altitude, and canopy openness. In the Braka site,mean alpha diversity was significantly higher on southwest-facing slopes. In contrast, beta diversity and gamma diversity were greater on northeast-facing slopes at both sites. Our results suggest that topographic variables(e.g., radiation index) affect species composition between the slopes, likely due to their influence on small scale abiotic environmental variables. However, the effects of land use, such as livestock browsing/grazing may interact with the effects of slope exposure, effectively reducing differences in species composition within slopes but enhancing the differences in beta diversity between contrasting slopes in the Braka. We conclude that slope orientation and land use are important factors in structuring the woody species composition and diversity in the arid Trans-Himalayan region. We suggest that both environmental and land use variables should be taken into consideration in future studies on plant community structure along the cultural landscapes.

Historical Timber-Framed Buildings： Typology and Knowledge

This paperprovides a historical overview intending to clarify the methods of interpretation of timber-framed buildings by different authors of construction treatises, and structural intentions of the carpentry designers and master builders, throughout the centuries, until the period when it became scientific structural theory. It describes the ＂box-frame＂ construction that appeared in Lisbon, after the earthquake of 1755, characterized by its good seismic resistance. This knowledge is important to determine a strategy of an efficient restoration practice in historical constructions which require an intervention subordinated to its raised patrimonial and artistic value, minimum, which respects the authenticity of its structural and construction conception and which is reversible and compatible, in physical, chemical, mechanic and aesthetic terms. Empirical understanding of the most important properties of wood to structure purposes, the defects of structural timbers, the framing and the preliminary survey followed by the structural survey were some of the difficulties which can be overcame in practice.

Rock Music in Contemporary China： An Ideological Arena

The rock music in contemporary China is a filed for the folk, official, elite and other multi-element ideology competition. Wang Feng is a winner walking on the ideological balance beam. After deconstructing Cui Jian＇s grand narrative mode and strong critical feature, his works have been endowed with heavy critical color and reflection value by a grassroots band named ＂Xuriyanggang＂. Besides, Wang Feng＇s works have eliminated the distinction between the official and folk feature, elegance and worldly feature, as well as elite and mass. To a large extent, they have defined the rock music in contemporary China, and pushed the Chinese rock to the mainstream market. Consequently, the Chinese rock has been gradually developed into multiple and compound culture modes.

Comparable Study of Xylanase Production from Aspergillus niger via Solid State Culture

With the high availability of agricultural wastes in Malaysia, green energy is practical to be conducted. Thus, a research on the modification of the physical conditions of the solid state culture system, specifically different initial moisture content, fermentation temperature, inoculums size and different percentage of carbon and nitrogen sources were conducted to compare the usage of two different lignocellulosic materials which were oil palm frond and banana petiole respectively. After using a conventional method （one factor at a time）, the optimum fermentation conditions would be a combination of 70% initial moisture content （v/w）, at 28 ~C fermentation temperature with supplementation of 1% sucrose （w/w） and 1% peptone using 1 mL of inoculum in order to achieve highest xylanase production which was 1,711.87 U/mL and 1,579.60 U/mL for oil palm frond and banana petiole respectively. It was suggested that oil palm frond showed higher xylanase production compared to banana petiole.

From Swift to Mr. Ed： Comedic Representations of the Noble Horse in High and Low Culture

Few would deny the nobility of an animal which has played a significant role, historically, in the lives of humankind： the fabled unicorn, the Trojan Horse, and Pegasus, together with the Houyhnhnms of Jonathan Swift are testaments to the nobility of horses. In a modern context, Seabiscuit, Black Beauty, Silver, steed of the iconic Lone Ranger, and Tir na nog, from Irish folk tale history, have maintained the tradition of nobility. High comedic elements such as TV＇s Mr. Ed, Aspercel, from The Horse in the Gray Flannel Suit （1968）, Ollie, of Laurel and Hardy fame, reincarnated as a horse, and Tir na nog, hiding in an elevator to avoid being apprehended by the law, help to complete the comedic portrait of equine nobility

The Phytochemical and Antioxidant Characteristics of Fermented Jackfruit （Artocarpus heterophyllus L.） Leaves Using Single and Mixed Starter Culture

The phytochemical and antioxidant properties of fermented jackfruit leaves, using yeast and acetic acid bacteria, individually or in combination during 6 days of fermentation were investigated in the present study. Changes in pH, total reducing sugar, ethanol, acetic acid, total phenolics and flavanoids content were examined. A number of antioxidant activities such as ferric reducing antioxidant power （FRAP） and DPPH free radical scavenging activities were comparatively tested to determine the differences in the respective properties during the fermentation process. Results obtained demonstrated that there were differences in the phytochemical and antioxidant properties of fermented jackfruit leaves, depending on the fermentation starters. Fermented leaves using acetic acid bacteria alone, exhibited higher total reducing sugar （6.89 mg glucose/mL） compared to others. The ferric-reducing activities of fermented jackfruit leaves showed an increasing trend in the yeast fermentation process （5.96-10.12 mg ascorbic acid equivalent/mL）. Generally, all extracts of fermented jackfruit leaves exhibited stronger DPPH radical scavenging activity except in the total phenolics and flavonoids content, whereby it showed a decrease trend throughout the fermentation process.

Desirability of Knowledge Management in Civil Engineering Consulting Firms

KM （knowledge management） has in the recent past been promoted as a means of harnessing and utilising intellectual resources and to improve innovation, business performance and client satisfaction within the construction industry. However, there has been no attempt to ascertain the required level of KM within any given firm. The study reported in this paper aimed at establishing a general equation for assessing a firm’s required level of KM. Through literature review and a questionnaire survey, a total of 22 key indicators of KM were established. The interaction and effects of the key indicators against turnover and employee base were established, yielding an elliptic paraboloid fitted graph over which desirability could be calculated. It was observed that there is a continuous relationship among the firm’s turnover, employee base and the identified key indicators. In practice, firms have different combinations of the employee base and turnover. The derived equation fits well with the different combinations. Firms can, through the use of such equations, determine the level of effort and investment required to implement KM.

《儒林外史》笔记——纪念吴敬梓逝世二百六十周年

乾隆十九年(1754)一代文豪吴敬梓病逝于扬州,身后萧条。他的巨著《儒林外史》在他生前只以抄本形式在较小范围内流传;十多年后(1770年左右)才由友人在扬州刻印,其原刻本惜已不传,后出诸本及今所通行者与原作大约已有若干变化。历来读此书时曾有笔记一束,兹取出六则以纪念这位伟大小说家逝世二百六十周年,供同道参考并请指正。2014年春。《文木山房诗说》与《儒林外史》《儒林外史》里的人物既属儒林,自然喜欢谈他们的学问。

吴敬梓与《诗经》

吴敬梓(1701-1754),字敏轩,一字文木,号粒民,安徽全椒人,一生经历康熙、雍正、乾隆三朝,是清代重要的文学家,他的小说杰作《儒林外史》与曹雪芹的《红楼梦》并称为中国古典小说的高峰。《儒林外史》已受到很多关注,但吴敬梓与《诗经》还没有得到很充分的讨论,有必要做一番梳理。现分以下三个方面展开。

近年《儒林外史》研究综述

建国后《儒林外史》的研究工作,在1955年纪念吴敬梓逝世二百周年的前后,出现过一次高潮,许多研究者开始运用马克思主义文艺理论分析这部古典名著,写出了一批有分量的研究论文。