技术替补与技术文码化——斯蒂格勒技术哲学中的文码化思想分析

斯蒂格勒技术哲学中的文码化概念是其描述分析技术之更新迭代的核心概念。文码化是指对连续而混沌的流程的离散化。斯蒂格勒所说的文码化就是德里达所说的延异。延异是替补不断生成的过程。在斯蒂格勒看来,技术文码化是人类的延异。因为人类在起源处一无所有,技术就成了人类的本质和存在方式,技术是人类之无本质的替补。人类生命的生成过程是与纯粹生命生成的断裂,其生成是技术的生成。在人类进化历程中,已经出现了三次技术文码化革命,分别是:书写技术文码化革命,印刷技术文码化革命和科学技术文码化革命。当今时代正是科学技术文码化时代。

The Natural Landscape of Philosophy （The Political Reflection of Heraclitus and Aristotle）

Civilizational breakthrough of ＂axial time,＂ implemented ＂human band＂ in the middle of the first millennium BC practically simultaneously in different latitudes of our planet--this is the time of the birth of science and arts, the development of language as a literary tradition, the becoming of Myth as an active picture of the world--a subjective objective, a philosophical understanding of what is the person and being that surrounds him and what he creates, and formation of knowing the world by the word and deed of the subject and, at the same time, the thinking object possessing political reflection. However, political reflection has one significant drawback--the brevity of historical memory, which should from time to time be brought to life, refreshing the milestones of events and the wisdom of others＇ reflections, so that cognitive dissonances do not arise freely （arbitrarily） or malicious aforethought of political phenomena （war, state, strategist-politician, political power, etc.）, breaking the membrane of human hostel---ethos, the philosophy of culture, art with science and the craving for work. The 20th century （and lasting the first quarter of the 21 st century）, is as a vivid illustration of endless wars and permanent revolutions, as an age of world and local conflicts, demonstrating an indissoluble connection with the ancient myth, the 20th scattered the teeth of mythology, rehashing the world and the principles of the state, destroying boundaries and the empire, unleashing new wars, multiplying ethnic conflicts, sweeping away valued reference point and changing anthropological signs, disagreeing with the essential in man： depriving the Word and the Cause.

Secondary Text： Author＇s Conception and Translator＇s Individuality

Translation, or interpretive and language code conversion of the text, is considered as an independent complex type of speech activity which consists of such stages as perception, understanding and interpretation of the foreign-language text and actual translation, that is selection of language means for the expression of the interpretive version of the original. Considerable attention is paid nowadays to the translations of works of such literary genre as literary fairy tale. Fairy tale is a type of prosaic folklore, which is met in the folklore of various peoples. Not only have literary fairy tales grown on the basis of folklore, but they also inherited its genre characteristics, developing and transforming them. Translation as an interpretive conversion of the text is considered within the concept ＂secondary text＂. The conspicuous feature of secondary texts is the double reference of the word： to its own culture referent and to a foreign culture referent. The secondary text cannot be completely understood and appreciated without its reference to ＂the second plane＂. Subjected to analysis are the problems of preserving original pragrnatics in secondary texts. The challenge of national fairy tales translation lies in the discrepancy of cultural concepts of the two nations and in considerable distinctions between the characters of Russian and British national fairy tales. The traditions of Russian national culture and the consistency of grammatical gender expression in the Russian language lead to gender shifts in the translation of English literary fairy tales.

The Cultural Linguistic Code

For over thirty years I have been researching the origins of language by means of an original and innovative metod. If it consists of considering oral articulation, which produce phonetic sounds as informative gestures and expressions of a visible-expressive code, that precedes the use of phonetic codes. The meaning expressed through each of these articulate-oral gestures was identified through research-responses by two select sample groups of psychotic subjects, chosen because of their greater permeable accessibility to the collective unconscious. In this sense the application of phonetic sounds, that is ＂words＂, is no more than representative or substitutes of the use of pre-articulate oral-facial gestures, used by pre-sapiens to express their informative intentions. Using this method I have published three books, which analyzed precisely and systematically the inter-relationships between consonants in words of Info-european origin--that is the roots of these words--discovering that words sharing common root-consonants do indeed express part or all of their meaning in correspondence with the original meanings of their gestural archetype. The projection into objects of these pre-articulate gestural meanings denotes them by means of mediators＇ metaphors and analogies, this is appearing to be the fundamental reason for the variety of languages, since diverse peoples will use different psychic Freudian puns and methaphors, for the projection to similar object. I have examined over twenty languages, in relation to this generalized cultural code model, founded on biological reactivity to conditions in reality to advantage given its extensive informative use.

Paralinguistic and Kinesic Codes of Performance： An Intercultural Gilgamesh

This paper examines the directing, acting and rehearsal process in transforming the ancient Babylonian epic Gilgamesh for the stage using performers＇ journals as a means of determining the effect of corporeal non-western styles on actors whose prior experience was almost exclusively in naturalistic and text-based theatre. The introduction of theatrical elements from multiple cultures including puppetry and the masks and techniques of Noh drama created a multi-tiered field for intercultural exchange. While Patrice Pavis＇s hourglass model for the transfer of theatrical material from a source to a target culture may hold true for productions that use linear modes of transmission, translation and incorporation of text, music, costumes and styles, its limitations make it necessary to posit alternative theories that take into account intercultural rehearsal practices, the collaboration of source and target culture and the dynamic interactions that take place through the agency of actor training in the fleshly physical theatre.

Discursive Strategies of Contemporary Subcultures in the Global Context

Since the 20th century, the subculture, once a marginal cultural phenomenon, has been transformed into a global post-subculture. In this process, subcultural groups have undergone profound changes in multiple aspects. Hybridity, openness, and dissolution of depth become the keywords to understand youth subcultures. This paper is attempted to explore its discursive changes in comptemporary subcultures. By describing and interpreting the most popular subcultural discourse--hip-hop discourse, it is found that counter language often used in the subcultural discourse has been weakened and new strategies, such as code switching and semiotic games arise. The paper argues that with the transition of discursive strategies, subcultural groups attempt to weave the network of the global subcultures and create an interactive discursive space for global youth.

Supervision Matters： Teenagers＇ Perception of Parents＇ Involvement in Their Internet Use

With the growing popularity of digital devices, lntemet has become an integral part of teenagers＇ daily life. As teenagers are in a complicated period of development, parents struggle in supervising their use of the intemet. This study takes the teenagers＇ standpoint and explores how the teenagers perceive their parents＇ involvement in their Internet use. Survey was conducted towards teenagers in the UAE, which has the highest penetration of digital devices in the Gulf region as well as one of the highest in the world. The results showed that girls usually receive more supervision fi＇om parents than boys. The older the teenagers are and the more they depend on the Internet, the more they perceive parents＇ supervision to be beneficial. However, not enough supervision has been given to those who access the Internet more frequently. The findings indicate more parents＇ supervision is needed from the teenagers＇ point of view. Discussions are made from psychological and socio-cultural perspectives and suggestions for future research are presented.

When Codes Collide： Journalists Push Back Digital Desecration

In an examination of the contemporary transformation of journalism at a granular level, this article exposes the process at work in the cultural construction of crisis and struggles for institutional experimentation in the New Orleans based The Times-Picayune. Layoffs and a digital-first strategy in 2012 triggered public outcry that strongly polluted the changes as anti-democratic. A narrative analysis of articles published in a variety of media and in-depth interviews with journalists and editors showed that events were related to broad and systemic cultural values, a core cultural structure inherent in every journalistic institution--including The Times- Picayune. In their narrative dimension, journalistic stories took the form of a moral texture that, in turn, fostered civil interpretations and reactions. The available narratives of the changes were--and still are--filtered, selected, and outlined from those core values.