刘勰评《吊魏武帝文》“序巧而文繁”辨析

刘勰在《文心雕龙·哀吊》篇中评论陆机《吊魏武帝文》“序巧而文繁”,《吊魏武帝文》既有“序巧”之优点,又有“文繁”之弊端。刘勰的这一评语是准确的,然而刘勰未能认识到“文繁”的意义。所谓“文繁”实际上与陆机的自我伤怀、“辞采华茂”的时代风气,以及陆机的创作个性密切相关。刘勰主张吊文应做到“体同事核”“辞清理哀”,否定“华过韵缓,化而为赋”。《吊魏武帝文》被评以“文繁”,集中体现了刘勰的吊文体观。

Seasonal Changes of Reproductive Activity and Biochemical Composition of Pen Shell Atrina pectinata Linnaeus,1767 in Bohai Sea,China

Seasonal variations in the biochemical composition and the reproductive cycle of pen shell Atrina pectinata in Bohai Sea were investigated from May 2013 to April 2014. Histological analysis indicated that the reproductive cycle of A. pectinata can be divided into two phases, inactive stage and gametogenesis, which were equally and significantly influenced by seawater temperature and food availability. Gametogenesis began in late autumn(October), and completed in June and July. Spawning took place in August, coinciding with the highest water temperature and the richest phytoplankton. The significantly high glycogen content in adductor muscles sustained throughout the late active and ripeness stages, but plummeted during spawning and inactive stages. The protein content in female gonads exhibited a synchronous increase along with oocyte diameter and lipid content, suggesting that the female gonads could accumulate protein and lipid for vitelline in A. pectinata. Furthermore, the RNA/DNA ratio was found to be a useful index to indicate the level of gonad maturation in both males and females. The findings of the present study provided a foundation for the fishery resource administration and the aquaculture development of this species.

Perspectives of traditional Chinese medicine in pancreas protection for acute pancreatitis

Acute pancreatitis(AP)is one of the most common diseases.AP is associated with significant morbidity and mortality,but it lacks specific and effective therapies.Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)is one of the most popular complementary and alternative medicine modalities worldwide for the treatment of AP.The current evidence from basic research and clinical studies has shown that TCM has good therapeutic effects on AP.This review summarizes the widely used formulas,single herbs and monomers that are used to treat AP and the potential underlying mechanisms of TCM.Because of the abundance,low cost,and safety of TCM as well as its ability to target various aspects of the pathogenesis,TCM provides potential clinical benefits and a new avenue with tremendous potential for the future treatment of AP.

Association of traditional Chinese exercises with glycemic responses in people with type 2 diabetes:A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Background： There is increasing evidence showing the health benefits of various forms of traditional Chinese exercises （TCEs） on the glycemic profile in people with type 2 diabetes. However, relatively little is known about the combined clinical effectiveness of these traditional exercises. This study was designed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the overall effect of 3 common TCEs （Tai Ji Quan, Qigong, Ba Duan Jin） on glycemie control in adults with type 2 diabetes. Methods： We conducted an extensive database search in Cochrane Library, EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure on randomized controlled trials published between April 1967 and September 2017 that compared any of the 3 TCEs with a control or comparison group on glycemic control. Data extraction was performed by 2 independent reviewers. Study quality was evaluated using the Coehrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, which assessed the risk of bias, including sequence generation, allocation concealment, blinding, completeness of outcome data, and selective outcome reporting. The resulting quality of the reviewed studies was characterized in 3 grades representing the level of bias： low, unclear, and high. All analyses were performed using random effects models and heterogeneity was quantified. We a priori specified changes in biomarkers of hemoglobin A1 c （in percentage） and fasting blood glucose （mmol/L） as the main outcomes and triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, 2-h plasma glucose, and fasting plasma glucose as secondary outcomes.Results： A total of 39 randomized, controlled trials （Tai Ji Quan = 11; Qigong= 6; Ba Duan Jin= 22） with 2917 type 2 diabetic patients （aged 41-80 years） were identified. Compared with a control or comparison group, pooled meta-analyses of TCEs showed a significant decrease in hemoglobin Alc （mean difference （MD）= -0.67%; 95% confidence interval （CI）：-0.86% to-0.48%; p 〈 0.00001） and fasting blood glucose （MD = -0.66 mmol/L; 95%CI： -0.95 to -0.37 mmol/L; p 〈 0.0001）. The observed effect was more pronounced for interventions that were medium range in duration （i.e., 〉3-〈 12 months）. TCE interventions also showed improvements in the secondary outcome measures. A high risk of bias was observed in the areas of blinding （i.e., study participants and personnel, and outcome assessment）. Conclusion： Among patients with type 2 diabetes, TCEs were associated with significantly lower hemoglobin Alc and fasting blood glucose. Further studies to better understand the dose and duration of exposure to TCEs are warranted.2018 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Shanghai University of Sport. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license. （http：//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/）.

一百二十回本《忠義水滸全傳》《忠義水滸全書》版本考

《水滸傳》作爲四大名著之一,流傳甚廣,有諸多版本。根據其描述内容的繁簡,大致可分爲"文繁本"和"文簡本"。目前所知的文繁本有一百回本、一百二十回本及七十回本。一百二十回本、七十回本實際都是一百回本的改編本,或在第九十回後插增二十回的"田虎王慶征討"故事而成爲一百二十回本,或將第七十二回以後的故事删掉并整理編爲七十回本。此外,文繁本可再分爲"分卷本"與"不分卷本"。分卷本一百回一百卷,有"容與堂本""鍾伯敬本"。不分卷本有三種,即一百回本、一百二十回本、七十回本。不分卷一百回本有"無窮會本""芥子園本"等,一百二十回本有《忠義水滸全傳》和《忠義水滸全書》。而七十回本即爲世稱之"金聖嘆本",金聖嘆於明崇禎十四年(1641)刊行《第五才子書水滸傳》之後,此本即爲目前通行的《水滸傳》版本。

Approaches to establish Q-markers for the quality standards of traditional Chinese medicines

Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) has played a pivotal role in maintaining the health of Chinese people and is now gaining increasing acceptance around the global scope. However, TCM is confronting more and more concerns with respect to its quality. The intrinsic "multicomponent and multitarget" feature of TCM necessitates the establishment of a unique quality and bioactivity evaluation system, which is different from that of the Western medicine. However, TCM is investigated essentially as"herbal medicine" or "natural product", and the pharmacopoeia quality monographs are actually chemicalmarkers-based, which can ensure the consistency only in the assigned chemical markers, but, to some extent, have deviated from the basic TCM theory. A concept of "quality marker"(Q-marker), following the "property-effect-component" theory, is proposed. The establishment of Q-marker integrates multidisciplinary technologies like natural products chemistry, analytical chemistry, bionics, chemometrics,pharmacology, systems biology, and pharmacodynamics, etc. Q-marker-based fingerprint and multicomponent determination conduce to the construction of more scientific quality control system of TCM.This review delineates the background, definition, and properties of Q-marker, and the associated technologies applied for its establishment. Strategies and approaches for establishing Q-marker-based TCM quality control system are presented and highlighted with a few TCM examples.

Cordyceps cicadae extracts ameliorate renal malfunction in a remnant kidney model

Background and Objectives:Chronic kidney disease(CKD) is a growing public health problem with an urgent need for new pharmacological agents.Cordyceps cicadae is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) and has potential renoprotective benefits.The current study aimed to determine any scientific evidence to support its clinical use.Methods:We analyzed the potential of two kinds of C.cicadae extract,total extract(TE) and acetic ether extract(AE),in treating kidney disease simulated by a subtotal nephrectomy(SNx) model.Sprague-Dawley rats were divided randomly into seven groups:sham-operated group,vehicle-treated SNx,Cozaar,2 g/(kg·d) TE SNx,1 g/(kg·d) TE SNx,92 mg/(kg·d) AE SNx,and 46 mg/(kg·d) AE SNx.Renal injury was monitored using urine and serum analyses,and hematoxylin and eosin(HE) and periodic acid-Schiff(PAS) stainings were used to analyze the level of fibrosis.The expression of type IV collagen(Col IV),fibronectin(FN),transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1),and connective tissue growth factor(CTGF) was detected by immunohistochemistry.Results:Renal injury,reflected in urine and serum analyses,and pathological changes induced by SNx were attenuated by TE and AE intervention.The depositions of Col IV and FN were also decreased by the treatments and were accompanied by reduced expression of TGF-β1 and CTGF.In some respects,2 g/(kg·d) of TE produced better effects than Cozaar.Conclusions:For the first time,we have shown that C.cicadae may inhibit renal fibrosis in vivo through the TGF-β1/CTGF pathway.Therefore,we conclude that the use of C.cicadae could provide a rational strategy for combating renal fibrosis.

Clinical practices s of Traditional Chinese Medicine for acute upper respiratory tract infection in children

OBJECTIVE:To develop Clinical practice s of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) for acute upper respiratory tract infection(AURI) in children;TCM is usedalone or administered together with antibiotics.METHODS:Under the guidance of evidence-based medicine concept,in strict accordance with the rules of international s development,as well as on the basis of evidence of clinical research of TCM,the s solicited opinions from clinical experts and methodologists in TCM and Western Medicine.GRADE standard was applied to form experts' consensus.RESULTS:The s standardized classification of TCM patterns and TCM treatments in children with AURI,including prescription,Chinese patent medicine,non-drug treatment and prevention.CONCLUSION:Follows the principle of "evidence based,consensus supplemented,and experience referred",these s were formulated,but the quality of evidence of included studies were relatively low.Further refinement of the s should be needed as deeper clinical studies as available in future.

Cytotoxicity and penetration enhancement activity of essential oils from warming the interior medicinals with hot or warm property in terms of Traditional Chinese Medicine

OBJECTIVE: To investigate on the cytotoxicity and penetration enhancement effect of essential oils(EOs) from warming the interior medicinals(WIM)from Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM).METHODS: EOs were extracted from WIM of Bichengqie(Litseae Fructus), Dingxiang(Flos Syzygii Aromatici), Huajiao(Pericorpium Zanthoxyli Bungeani), and Xiaohuixiang(Fructus Foeniculi) with warm nature, and Ganjiang(Rhizoma Zingiberis),Gaoliangjiang(Rhizoma Alpinioe Officinari), Rougui(Cortex Cinnamomi Cassioe), and Wuzhuyu(Fructus Evodiae Rutoecorpae) with hot nature; respectively.Their chemical compositions were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS). The cytotoxicity of the extracted eight EOs on HaCaT cells was measured and compared. Moreover, analyses of cell cycle and cell apoptosis were performed to investigate the cytotoxic mechanism.The transdermal penetration enhancement effects of the extracted eight EOs on ibuprofen were further compared by the modified Franz diffusion cell method.RESULTS: The most abundant constituents in the extracted eight EOs were determined to be monoterpenes, especially oxygen containing monoterpenes.The HaCaT cell cytotoxicity of EOs from WIM with hot nature were significantly(P = 0.020) higher than that with warm nature. Both ginger oil and zanthoxylum oil significantly induced G0/G1 phase arrestment in HaCaT cell cycle. For ginger oil from WIM with hot nature and zanthoxylum oil from WIM with warm nature, the main mechanisms of the cytotoxicity were found to be the induction of cellular necrosis and the cellular apoptosis, respectively. Furthermore, most of the tested EOs showed remarkable penetration enhancement activity on ibuprofen. However, no statistical significance(P =0.18) was found between penetration enhancement activity of EOs from WIM with warm nature and EOs from WIM with hot nature.CONCLUSION: With the enhanced penetration activity, the extracted EOs from the WIM demonstrated their significant effect of the cytotoxicity on the skin cells.

Construction of a small-caliber tissue-engineered blood vessel using icariin-loaded β-cyclodextrin sulfate for in situ anticoagulation and endothelialization

The rapid endothelialization of tissue-engineered blood vessels(TEBVs) can effectively prevent thrombosis and inhibit intimal hyperplasia. The traditional Chinese medicine ingredient icariin is highly promising for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.β-cyclodextrin sulfate is a type of hollow molecule that has good biocompatibility and anticoagulation properties and exhibits a sustained release of icariin. We studied whether icariin-loaded β-cyclodextrin sulfate can promote the endothelialization of TEBVs. The experimental results showed that icariin could significantly promote the proliferation and migration of endothelial progenitor cells; at the same time, icariin could promote the migration of rat vascular endothelial cells(RAVECs). Subsequently,we used an electrostatic force to modify the surface of the TEBVs with icariin-loaded β-cyclodextrin sulfate, and these vessels were implanted into the rat common carotid artery. After 3 months, micro-CT results showed that the TEBVs modified using icariin-loaded β-cyclodextrin sulfate had a greater patency rate. Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and CD31 immunofluorescence results showed a better degree of endothelialization. Taken together, icariin-loaded β-cyclodextrin sulfate can achieve anticoagulation and rapid endothelialization of TEBVs to ensure their long-term patency.

Effect of Zuogui pill and Yougui pill on osteoporosis： a randomized controlled trial

OBJECTIVE： To evaluate the effect and safety of Zuogui pill and Yougui pill, classic Y/n and Yang tonic formula （CYYTF）, in the treatment of osteoporosis and the underlying mechanism. METHODS： Participants aged 55 to 75 with osteoporosis and Kidney deficiency in Traditional Chi-nese Medicine （TCM） will be included and randomly allocated into two groups： treatment group and control group. Participants in the treatment group were treated with Zuogui pill or Yougui pill TCM formula granule, while the control group received pla- cebo. Primary outcomes are the lumbar spine on bone mineral density （BMD） （L1-4） and femoral BMD. Secondary outcomes include pain intensity, health-related quality of life （HRQoL）, bone turn- over markers and safety. RESULTS： Totally 200 patients were enrolled from December 2014 to April 2016 from four hospitals. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups at baseline （P 〉 0.05） and it was good to comparability. Statistically signifi- cant differences between the two groups were ob- served for the lumbar BMD （L1-4）, pain VAS scores and HRQoL at six months and twelve months and femoral BMD at twelve months （P 〈 0.05）, but no significant differences for femoral BMD and bone turnover markers at six months （P 〉 0.05）. More- over, significant difference was observed at differ- ent time before and after treatment in terms of lum- bar spine （L1-4） BMD, femoral BMD, pain VAS scores and health-related quality of life, and there was an crossover effect between the time and groups be- fore and after treatment. In additional, in the treat- ment group, 8 patients lost to follow-up and 3 patients had adverse events （AEs） and in the control group, 10 patients lost to follow-up and 2 patients had AEs. No remarkable differences were observed between the two groups with regard to AEs, lost rate and safety （P 〉 0.05）. CONCLUSION： Zuogui pill or Yougui pill could improve BMD, ease pain, relieve Kidney deficiencysyndrome, improve the quality of life osteoporosis patients, inhibit bone conversion and regulate the coupling balance of bone formation and bone resorption, but long-term efficacy should be confirmed by a longer term follow-up and larger of samples clinical randomized controlled trials.

Traditional Chinese Medicine symptom patterns in patients with colorectal carcinoma

OBJECTIVE: To observe the symptom patterns(or syndromes) according to Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) theory in patients with various stages of colorectal cancer, and to observe the dynamic evolution process of these TCM patterns.METHODS: A prospective and cross-sectional questionnaire-based investigation was performed. Clinical data on TCM symptom patterns in patients with colorectal cancer in the perioperative period(210 cases) and adjuvant treatment period(160 cases)were collected. EPIData 3.1 together with frequency statistics and cluster analyses were performed to identify the TCM patterns based on symptom characteristics in patients with colorectal cancer, and to assess the dynamic changes in these patterns.RESULTS: In the perioperative period, from the first day of perioperative care to postoperative days 3,7, and 10, the TCM pattern showed a process of dynamic change from blood deficiency to deficiency of both Qi and Yin and the pattern of dampness and hot accumulative knotting. In the adjuvant treatment period, the TCM pattern changed from Qi deficiency and Yin deficiency inner-heat with dampness to a deficiency pattern, primarily including Yin deficiency of the liver and kidney, deficiency of Qi and blood, and spleen deficiency.CONCLUSION: Our study confirmed that variations in the dynamic evolution of TCM symptom patterns exist in patients with colorectal cancer during different treatment periods. This information is of great value in the individualized management of colorectal cancer.

Evidence base of randomized controlled trials and guideline recommendations of patent Traditional Chinese Medicines for uncomplicated acute lower respiratory tract infections in adults

OBJECTIVE:To compare clinical practice guideline recommendations on the use of oral patent Traditional Chinese Medicines(PTCMs) for uncomplicated acute lower respiratory tract infections(ALRTIs)in adults with the existing evidence using results of a systematic review of randomized controlled trials(RCTs).METHODS:A systematic review on RCTs and a systematic review of current guidelines on orally taken PTCMs for uncomplicated ALRTIs were performed.Pub Med,Cochrane Library,EMBASE and four Chinese databases were searched from inception to September 2016 for RCTs testing orally taken PTCMs for uncomplicated ALRTIs(excluding pneumonia).Two reviewers independently screened each study,extracted study data,and assessed risk of bias.Disagreements were resolved through discussion or by consultation with a third reviewer.Clinical practice guidelines for uncomplicated ALRTIs containing PTCM recommendations were identified and quality appraised.The quality of pooled evidence of the RCTs and the guidelines was assessed with GRADE and AGREE Ⅱ respectively.The consistency of the evidence base in RCTs and the guideline recommendations were then compared.RESULTS:For the systematic review of RCTs,4810 papers were identified,among which 29 RCTs(5093 patients) were included in the review.PTCMs compared to placebo increased the effective treatment rate of cough(3 trials,949 patients,risk ratio(RR) 2.50,1.16 to 5.43;low certainty);improved assessment of global health(3 trials,948 patients,RR1.70,1.44 to 2.01;low certainty);and increased the effective rate of specific symptom relief(1 trial,478 patients,RR 4.01,2.76 to 5.81;moderate certainty).21 trials(3432 patients) compared effects of different PTCMs.For the guideline evaluation,29 PTCMs were recommended for the use of uncomplicated ALRTIs,of which27 had no supportive evidence from RCTs.CONCLUSION:The evidence base of PTCMs for uncomplicated ALRTIs is weak and the guideline recommendations were based on almost no clinical trial evidence.Rigorous clinical research is urgently needed to inform the clinical use of these herbal medicines.Further training in evidence-based medicine methods for Traditional Chinese Medicine guideline developers is essential.

A review of the methods used for subjective evaluation of De Qi

De Qi refers to a series of sensations experienced when acupuncture is performed at acupoints. De Qi comprises needling sensations felt by the patient, and the sensations perceived by the acupuncturist. Classical Traditional Chinese Medicine theory states that De Qi is closely related to curative effect.In modern studies, the main index that researchers have used to evaluate De Qi was the needling sensation reported by the patient. Between 1 st Aug and 31 st Oct 2014, we conducted an electronic database search of all fields in Chinese and English to select literature assessing acupuncture needle sensations. We then reviewed the methods used within these studies to evaluate De Qi. The methods included simple evaluation, and the use of a De Qi scale/questionnaire. The simple evaluation, a qualitative evaluation, was judged by typical sensations felt by the patient after needling at acupoints, such as soreness, numbness, fullness, and heaviness.This method was easy and practicable, and had been adopted widely by Chinese researchers. In contrast, the De Qi scale/questionnaire, a quantitative evaluation, had multiple compiling methods available for evaluating the intensity of De Qi. The standardization and objectification of the De Qi scale/questionnaire effectively improved the quality of studies on De Qi, thereby these scales/questionnaires have been acknowledged and applied by most researchers. The present review analyzed and compared the scales/questionnaires used to evaluate De Qi; furthermore, we provided suggestions for the development and improvement of these questionnaires through integration with classical De Qi theory.

Diagnosis and Objective Pain Assessment of Traditional Chinese Medicine May Be Useful to Demonstrate Specific Effects of Acupuncture in Low Back Pain: A Prospective, Randomized, Controlled and Single Blinded Pre-study

Objective: To prove specific effects of acupuncture on chronic pain. It was speculated that the potential specific effectiveness of acupuncture could be better shown in more properly designed studies. Therefore, diagnoses of both Western medicine and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) were used as inclusion criteria to allocate acupoints more precisely to the complaints of the patients. Secondly, objectively measurable parameters of pain relief in addition to usual Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) were chosen to quantify the effects of acupuncture. Methods: The study was prospective, randomized, controlled and single-blinded. Eighteen patients with chronic back pain and TCM diagnosis of a Taiyang/Yangming syndrome received one single session of acupuncture chosen according to TCM diagnosis or acupuncture on points outside the meridian system (controls). We evaluated pain via VAS and increased mobility via inclinometry of the back. Results: Although the sample size was small, there was a statistically significant improvement in pain and mobility in the intervention group (n=13), but not in the control group (n=5). The calculated sample size adequate power was lower for inclinometry than for VAS, indicating that VAS is less probable to discriminate acupuncture effects. Conclusion: Objectively measurable physical parameters such as the angle of flexion before and after acupuncture (inclinometry) may be more suitable to measure pain relief than subjective assessment by VAS in acupuncture studies. TCM diagnosis may be a helpful inclusion criterion in studies on acupuncture, so as to potentially allocate interventions better to the complaints of patients.

Classification of interventions in Traditional Chinese Medicine

OBJECTIVE: To describe the key systems used for Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) classification.METHODS: The TCM classifications used in the International Classification of Diseases-9 Clinical Modification(ICD-9-CM) volume 3, the ICD-10 Procedure Coding System, the International Classification of Health Interventions, and the Medical Subject Headings(Me SH) and Chinese Traditional Medicine and Materia Medica Subject Headings(TCMe SH) thesauruses were compared regarding descriptive terms, structure, and features of TCM interventions.RESULTS: The National Library of Medicine's Me SH thesaurus is ubiquitous. The ICD-9-CM(volume 3),ICD-10 Procedure Coding System, and International Classification of Health Interventions cover insufficient concepts of TCM, and cannot be used directly as classification systems for TCM interventions. In contrast, the TCM contents of the TCMe SH thesaurus are complete, systematic, and detailed, and its hierarchical structure can be used for effective TCM classification.CONCLUSION: TCM classification is very limited and flawed. The Me SH thesaurus helps decrease the detrimental effect of the language barrier. Similarly, the TCMe SH thesaurus can help those without full command of the Mandarin language to access Chinese literature, but the value of searches using TCMe SH could be improved by collaborative working with Information Specialists who are fluent in Mandarin and understand TCM.

Systems pharmacology-based investigation of Sanwei Ganjiang Prescription:related mechanisms in liver injury

Liver injury remains a significant global health problem and has a variety of causes,including oxidative stress(OS),inflammation,and apoptosis of liver cells.There is currently no curative therapy for this disorder.Sanwei Ganjiang Prescription(SWGJP),derived from traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),has shown its effectiveness in long-term liver damage therapy,although the underlying molecular mechanisms are still not fully understood.To explore the underlining mechanisms of action for SWGJP in liver injury from a holistic view,in the present study,a systems pharmacology approach was developed,which involved drug target identification and multilevel data integration analysis.Using a comprehensive systems approach,we identified 43 candidate compounds in SWGJP and 408 corresponding potential targets.We further deciphered the mechanisms of SWGJP in treating liver injury,including compound-target network analysis,target-function network analysis,and integrated pathways analysis.We deduced that SWGJP may protect hepatocytes through several functional modules involved in liver injury integrated-pathway,such as Nrf2-dependent anti-oxidative stress module.Notably,systems pharmacology provides an alternative way to investigate the complex action mode of TCM.

An innovative method to evaluate the severe level of general Qi deficiency

OBJECTIVE:The study aim was to use existing relevant indexes to establish an index series for the quantitative measurement of Qi deficiency pattern(QDP) in Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM).METHODS:Seventeen indexes of arterial oxygen saturation(SaO_2),TCM pulse diagnosis,heart rate,and blood pressure were integrated into an index series,and 94 selected subjects were divided into a healthy control group,a mild QDP group,and a typical QDP group.All three groups were then synchronously given a breath-holding(BH) test and index detections using TCM apparatus for auxiliary diagnosis and treatment and a photoplethysmograph.The detections were carried out repeatedly until there was no monotonic change in the value of the minimal SaO_(2d)uring a BH measurement(SaO_(2 min)) or in the duration of BH during a BH measurement(TBH).RESULTS:BH measurement and index detection data from 380 eligible cases were analyzed and a significant intergroup difference was found for 12 indexes.CONCLUSION:An index series for quantitative QDP measurement could comprise the 12 effective indexes:RSaO_(2d)(rate of decline of SaO_(2d)uring a BH measurement),RSaO_(2r)(recovery rate of SaO_2 after a BH measurement),SaO_(2 min),BFV(blood flow velocity),TSaO_(2d)(the time at which SaO_2 started declining during a BH measurement),TBH,TSa_(O2 min)(the time of occurrence of the minimal SaO_(2d)uring a BH measurement),TSa O_(2 max)(the time of occurrence of the maximal SaO_2 after a BH measurement),PTP(pulse-touching pressure),SBP(systolic blood pressure),PWV(pulse wave velocity),and DBP(diastolic blood pressure).Of the indexes,RSaO_(2d)could play akey role in quantitative QDP measurement;RSaO_(2r) and Sa O_2 mincould be used to differentiate the QDP symptom of shortness of breath and as early-warning indexes for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.BFV,TSaO_(2d),and TBHcould be used to quantitatively assess the QDP symptoms of spontaneous perspiration and shortness of breath.

Acupuncture-moxibustion Theories of Wang Shu-he

Wang Shu-he, or Wang Xi, was anoutstanding physician from Gaoping （Gaoping of Shanxi Province; another saying is Ji＇ning of Shandong Province） of Western Jin Dynasty who lived around the 3rd CeIltUi3T His major contribution was the 10 w）lumes of Mai.