Anal fistula is among the most common illnesses affecting man.Medical literature dating back to 400 BC has discussed this problem.Various causative factors have been proposed throughout the centuries,but it appears th...Anal fistula is among the most common illnesses affecting man.Medical literature dating back to 400 BC has discussed this problem.Various causative factors have been proposed throughout the centuries,but it appears that the majority of fistulas unrelated to specific causes (e.g.Tuberculosis,Crohn’s disease) result from infection (abscess) in anal glands extending from the intersphincteric plane to various anorectal spaces.The tubular structure of an anal fistula easily yields itself to division or unroofing (fistulotomy) or excision (fistulectomy) in most cases.The problem with this single,yet effective,treatment plan is that depending on the thickness of sphincter muscle the fistula transgresses,the patient will have varying degrees of fecal incontinence from minor to total.In an attempt to preserve continence,various procedures have been proposed to deal with the fistulas.These include: (1) simple drainage (Seton);(2) closure of fistula tract using fibrin sealant or anal fistula plug;(3) closure of primary opening using endorectal or dermal flaps,and more recently;and (4) ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract (LIFT).In most complex cases (i.e.Crohn’s disease),a proximal fecal diversion offers a measure of symptom-atic relief.The fact remains that an "ideal" procedure for anal fistula remains elusive.The failure of each sphincter-preserving procedure (30%-50% recurrence) often results in multiple operations.In essence,the price of preservation of continence at all cost is multiple and often different operations,prolonged disability and disappointment for the patient and the surgeon.Nevertheless,the surgeon treating anal fistulas on an occasional basis should never hesitate in referring the patient to a specialist.Conversely,an expert colorectal surgeon must be familiar with many different operations in order to selectively tailor an operation to the individual patient.展开更多
Teachers＇ discourse is teachers＇ language used in the classroom. Teachers＇ instructional discourse, a sub-category of teachers＇ discourse, is the medium that teachers use to achieve the teaching and learning goals...Teachers＇ discourse is teachers＇ language used in the classroom. Teachers＇ instructional discourse, a sub-category of teachers＇ discourse, is the medium that teachers use to achieve the teaching and learning goals It is not only the means for teachers to organize teaching activities, but is also taken as the model language by students. This paper examines teachers＇ instructional discourse by focusing on its discoursal features. Drawing on the theories and methods in discourse analysis, four categories of discoursal features in teachers＇ instructional discourse are proposed. They are communicativeness, authenticity, coherence, and grammaticality and appropriateness. The four discoursal features will provide a framework for analyzing teachers＇ instructional discourse in the language classroom展开更多
Mesenteric panniculitis is a rare disease characterized by chronic non-specific inflammation of mesenteric fat tissue.Several etiologic and/or associated factors have been reported in the literature so far.Although tr...Mesenteric panniculitis is a rare disease characterized by chronic non-specific inflammation of mesenteric fat tissue.Several etiologic and/or associated factors have been reported in the literature so far.Although trauma or surgery is one of the potential etiologic factors for mesenteric panniculitis,to the best of our knowledge,no strong correlation has been shown in the literature until now.展开更多
The contemporary militaries have an increasingly high number of women than in the previous years. This is a positive development that resonates with the democratic dispensations. Despite of some resistance from certai...The contemporary militaries have an increasingly high number of women than in the previous years. This is a positive development that resonates with the democratic dispensations. Despite of some resistance from certain quarters of the society, overall women＇s presence is becoming acknowledged. This increase has a potential to make a positive impact on peacekeeping missions. Their utility is enhanced by their characteristics that are lamented for their incongruence to combat operations. The constructive and reconciliatory nature of peacekeeping mission makes them an important asset. However, their optimal productivity is threatened by the incessant rape that they experience from both their adversaries and the own force. This creates a stressor that compromises their performance. The situation is aggravated by the lack of support after their ordeal. The organisational culture and leadership are not making women＇s presence in operations tenable. Their experience post-rape is characterised by rejection and lack of support from the salient others. This situation requires to be changed urgently to provide a sense of security and care for women. Policies and practices need to be modified to allow optimal performance from the most productive group in the military force.展开更多
Many reviewers have contributed their expertise and time to the peer review,a critical process to ensure the quality of World Journal of Gastroenterology. The editors and authors of the articles submitted to the journ...Many reviewers have contributed their expertise and time to the peer review,a critical process to ensure the quality of World Journal of Gastroenterology. The editors and authors of the articles submitted to the journal are grateful to the following reviewers for evaluating the articles (including those were published and those were rejected in this issue) during the last editing period of time.展开更多
The polychaete Perinereis aibuhitensis, a key species in estuarine ecosystems, can improve the culture condition of sediment. Endosulfan is an organochlorine pesticide used globally to control insects and mites; howev...The polychaete Perinereis aibuhitensis, a key species in estuarine ecosystems, can improve the culture condition of sediment. Endosulfan is an organochlorine pesticide used globally to control insects and mites; however, it is a source of pollution in aquaculture as a result of runoff or accidental release. In this study, we evaluated the toxicity of endosulfan to polychaeta and its ability to improve polluted sediment. Specifically, the effects of a series of endosulfan concentrations （0, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mg/L） were investigated, and the results indicated that the 24-h median lethal concentration （24-h LCs0） was 55.57 mg/L, while the 48-h median lethal concentration （48-h LCs0） was 15.56 mg/L, and the safe concentration was about 1.556 mg/L. In a 30-d exposure experiment, the animal specimen could decompose endosulfan effectively while improving endosulfan-polluted aquatic sediment.展开更多
According to medical literature, fracture of the first rib is quite rare and the bilateral condition is especially rare. This type of fracture is usually associated with severe intrathoracic trauma and other bony or n...According to medical literature, fracture of the first rib is quite rare and the bilateral condition is especially rare. This type of fracture is usually associated with severe intrathoracic trauma and other bony or neurovascular injuries, thus can be considered as a harbinger of major trauma. However here we present three cases of low velocity first rib fractures without any major trauma or multisystem injuries. All the three patients were treated conservatively and did well on simple analgesics and rest and had no early or late complications. It can be seen that not all the first rib fractures are associated with major trauma or multisystem injuries. There is a variant of first rib fracture with low velocity injuries which is not associated with any major complications in contrast to majority of first rib fractures associated with high velocity injuries. Causative factor of such injuries may be violent muscular contraction of scalenus anterior or serratus anterior, but not direct trauma.展开更多
文摘Anal fistula is among the most common illnesses affecting man.Medical literature dating back to 400 BC has discussed this problem.Various causative factors have been proposed throughout the centuries,but it appears that the majority of fistulas unrelated to specific causes (e.g.Tuberculosis,Crohn’s disease) result from infection (abscess) in anal glands extending from the intersphincteric plane to various anorectal spaces.The tubular structure of an anal fistula easily yields itself to division or unroofing (fistulotomy) or excision (fistulectomy) in most cases.The problem with this single,yet effective,treatment plan is that depending on the thickness of sphincter muscle the fistula transgresses,the patient will have varying degrees of fecal incontinence from minor to total.In an attempt to preserve continence,various procedures have been proposed to deal with the fistulas.These include: (1) simple drainage (Seton);(2) closure of fistula tract using fibrin sealant or anal fistula plug;(3) closure of primary opening using endorectal or dermal flaps,and more recently;and (4) ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract (LIFT).In most complex cases (i.e.Crohn’s disease),a proximal fecal diversion offers a measure of symptom-atic relief.The fact remains that an "ideal" procedure for anal fistula remains elusive.The failure of each sphincter-preserving procedure (30%-50% recurrence) often results in multiple operations.In essence,the price of preservation of continence at all cost is multiple and often different operations,prolonged disability and disappointment for the patient and the surgeon.Nevertheless,the surgeon treating anal fistulas on an occasional basis should never hesitate in referring the patient to a specialist.Conversely,an expert colorectal surgeon must be familiar with many different operations in order to selectively tailor an operation to the individual patient.
文摘Teachers＇ discourse is teachers＇ language used in the classroom. Teachers＇ instructional discourse, a sub-category of teachers＇ discourse, is the medium that teachers use to achieve the teaching and learning goals It is not only the means for teachers to organize teaching activities, but is also taken as the model language by students. This paper examines teachers＇ instructional discourse by focusing on its discoursal features. Drawing on the theories and methods in discourse analysis, four categories of discoursal features in teachers＇ instructional discourse are proposed. They are communicativeness, authenticity, coherence, and grammaticality and appropriateness. The four discoursal features will provide a framework for analyzing teachers＇ instructional discourse in the language classroom
文摘Mesenteric panniculitis is a rare disease characterized by chronic non-specific inflammation of mesenteric fat tissue.Several etiologic and/or associated factors have been reported in the literature so far.Although trauma or surgery is one of the potential etiologic factors for mesenteric panniculitis,to the best of our knowledge,no strong correlation has been shown in the literature until now.
文摘The contemporary militaries have an increasingly high number of women than in the previous years. This is a positive development that resonates with the democratic dispensations. Despite of some resistance from certain quarters of the society, overall women＇s presence is becoming acknowledged. This increase has a potential to make a positive impact on peacekeeping missions. Their utility is enhanced by their characteristics that are lamented for their incongruence to combat operations. The constructive and reconciliatory nature of peacekeeping mission makes them an important asset. However, their optimal productivity is threatened by the incessant rape that they experience from both their adversaries and the own force. This creates a stressor that compromises their performance. The situation is aggravated by the lack of support after their ordeal. The organisational culture and leadership are not making women＇s presence in operations tenable. Their experience post-rape is characterised by rejection and lack of support from the salient others. This situation requires to be changed urgently to provide a sense of security and care for women. Policies and practices need to be modified to allow optimal performance from the most productive group in the military force.
文摘Many reviewers have contributed their expertise and time to the peer review,a critical process to ensure the quality of World Journal of Gastroenterology. The editors and authors of the articles submitted to the journal are grateful to the following reviewers for evaluating the articles (including those were published and those were rejected in this issue) during the last editing period of time.
基金Supported by Technology Development Program for Fisheries, Ministry for Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Republic of Korea
文摘The polychaete Perinereis aibuhitensis, a key species in estuarine ecosystems, can improve the culture condition of sediment. Endosulfan is an organochlorine pesticide used globally to control insects and mites; however, it is a source of pollution in aquaculture as a result of runoff or accidental release. In this study, we evaluated the toxicity of endosulfan to polychaeta and its ability to improve polluted sediment. Specifically, the effects of a series of endosulfan concentrations （0, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mg/L） were investigated, and the results indicated that the 24-h median lethal concentration （24-h LCs0） was 55.57 mg/L, while the 48-h median lethal concentration （48-h LCs0） was 15.56 mg/L, and the safe concentration was about 1.556 mg/L. In a 30-d exposure experiment, the animal specimen could decompose endosulfan effectively while improving endosulfan-polluted aquatic sediment.
文摘According to medical literature, fracture of the first rib is quite rare and the bilateral condition is especially rare. This type of fracture is usually associated with severe intrathoracic trauma and other bony or neurovascular injuries, thus can be considered as a harbinger of major trauma. However here we present three cases of low velocity first rib fractures without any major trauma or multisystem injuries. All the three patients were treated conservatively and did well on simple analgesics and rest and had no early or late complications. It can be seen that not all the first rib fractures are associated with major trauma or multisystem injuries. There is a variant of first rib fracture with low velocity injuries which is not associated with any major complications in contrast to majority of first rib fractures associated with high velocity injuries. Causative factor of such injuries may be violent muscular contraction of scalenus anterior or serratus anterior, but not direct trauma.
