成长期高科技企业新创产品预售众筹的决策研究

针对高科技产品的预售众筹模式展开研究,在对高技术企业的技术经济特征分析基础上,论证预售众筹模式的有效性;通过构建理论和数学模型来描述高科技产品的预售众筹机理,并对最优预售规模进行测算;基于对预售众筹成功案例的解读,为成长期高新技术企业预售众筹决策提供参考建议。

论新创产品的投放控制

企业产品创新过程中的投放控制,是确保产品创新完全成功的最终环节,也是中国企业产品创新的薄弱环节。跨国公司创新管理的经验揭示,掌握投放控制的思路,界定投放过程的障碍,实施投放控制的方案是这一过程管理行之有效的法则。

Fuzzy integral based measurement and assessment of medium and small enterprises'product innovation

A fuzzy integral based way of measurement assessment has been established by using linguistic varia-bles and combining fuzzy integral with hierarchy analysis for measurement of medium and small enterprises'product innovation. The conclusions drawn from analyses made with 20 medium and small enterprises providebases for governments to formulate applicable policies and for medium and small enterprises to enhance theirproduct innovation.

Tbio-Model of a Start-up with Focus in Biotechnological Solutions for Coffee Chain

Tbio is a start-up created to give support to commercialize the products of the biofactory installed in the Federal University of Lavras, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, part of the Innovation Program developed by this University. Its specialty is to innovate, through biological solutions with the vision of the future, once there is a strong demand of food and beverages free of chemical residues and with lower employing of these substances along the production chain by several consumers. The innovative products are generated from microorganisms tested regarding its capacity to promote yield protection, pests and disease control, acceleration of the desmucilage waste water treatment, and improvement of process of faster solubilization, that depends on natural phosphate fertilizers. The goal of this article is to approach the activities that have been developed in this start-up and the knowledge about biocontrol and natural antimicrobials produced by fungi resulting in innovative products to attend the world claim for products free of chemical residues of any kind and harmless to the consumers, environment and workers.

Should the Companies Invest in Innovation？

In the beginning, this template describes the actual situation on the market. As a second point, there is a description and a classification of the different kinds of innovation. The object of this template is a scientific examination of the interrelation between innovation and the companies＇ future development. Today＇s markets are changing rapidly. The environment alters faster and faster. Business companies are forced to adapt to these changing conditions. They have to develop new and adjusted products to be successful on these markets. Companies are offering their products on markets. The more customers＇ requirements those products fulfil, the more likely they will be bought. Innovation can be described as a process of transforming a concept into a product, good, or service. Real innovation is seldom, though. More often, innovation is a result of a known solution being transferred into a new context. There are different forms of innovation. In general innovation can be classified in： basic innovation, product improving innovation, product adjusting innovation, imitation and pretended innovation. These different kinds of innovation can occur within a company as a process, or in a market as a newly developed product. The future of a company depends in many ways on the newly developed products, which in turn are depending on the needs of the customers. Those needs are not always known and needs could also be generated by inventing new technologies. Companies have to consider the development of new products and manufacturing processes in order to stay successful.

An Innovative City： Impact of Innovations on City Development

The process of innovative development is stimulated by cities as centers of accumulated （regional） growth and innovative enterprises as elements of urban space. Cities stimulate innovations by creating a specific demand for innovations and innovative products as well as specific incentives such as preferable conditions for creation, accumulation, usage, and exchange of knowledge and information. Diffusion of ideas has an impact on changes in environment resulting in increase in dynamics of innovation, which means possibilities of innovative development for local firms. The paper highlights the idea of an innovative city with respect to the impact of innovations on city development. The concept of an innovative city is not clearly defined because the interpretation of innovation is differentiated and ambiguous except for common denominator of the novelty. The paper underlines the role of city＇s environment for innovations＇ creation acting as an incubator for clusters of firms, particularly those engaged in the process of high-tech involvement （technology parks）. The option of an innovative city approach presented here is the author＇s view on an innovative city＇s growth and it is based on the role of synergic interaction between innovative firms as elements of a city space and an innovative city itself.

The Entrepreneurial Marketing Concept and Its Application by the International New Ventures

For the last two decades, there has been an ongoing research concerning the international new ventures （INV） or born global （BG） companies which are rapidly entering foreign markets. They face challenges connected with their marketing activity, because they launch relatively more product innovations in a shorter time than the gradually internationalized companies （GRAD）. The entrepreneurial marketing （EM） concept could become a solution to some of these challenges, because of a greater entrepreneurial intensity （EI） and different decision-making approach than ＂classical＂ marketing concept. This study＇s aim is to analyze the EM concept and application of its elements by the INVs originating from Poland. Based on two computer-aided telephone interview （CATI） studies of INVs from the Polish industrial processing sector, the central elements of EM, applied by them, are explored, together with their relationship to INV performance. As it is shown, the INVs introduce significantly more product innovations than the gradually internationalized small and medium sized enterprises （SMEs）. They often exceed competitors in the speed of launching innovations and are flexible in entering new markets. The entrepreneurial orientation （EO） indicators are at low to medium levels in all studied SMEs. However, the propensity to risk is slightly stronger in the INVs and correlated moderately with the financial performance. As the study shows, lack of emphasis on marketing planning and information gathering is the characteristic of the Polish INVs, which may testify to their effectual approach to decision making. Furthermore, similar as in the foreign-based INVs, there may exist a relationship between the application of the EM concept and performance of the Polish INNs, which, however, requires further study with respect to some mediating factors. It has been concluded that innovativeness of the product offering and propensity to risk seems to be the characteristic EM concept elements accompanying the rapid internationalization of INVs. The future research should focus on other elements of the EM-mix applied by INVs originating from emerging economies.

Effect of Self-fertilization on Performance, Breeding and Germplasm Management of Four Local Faba Bean Cultivars

Faba bean is self- and cross-fertilized species. The consequences of self-fertilization are important factors determining the germplasm management in such species with levels of heterogeneity and heterozygsity. Effects of self-fertilization on floral, yield and yield components characters were evaluated by comparing two levels of selfing, produced in bee-proof cages, in open-pollination at two locations in Sudan. Selfing process results in no significant differences in yield and yield components within each cultivar. Autofertile lines with reduced partial dependence on insects for seed set could be produced. Spatial isolation should be used to maintain the genetic purity of such lines. An alternate strategy for entries multiplication should focus on increasing heterozygosity and the maintenance of cross-fertilization inside the entries to prevent contamination with foreign pollens. Our results follow the previous knowledge on faba bean genetic resources conservation and management.

Research on the Packaging and Illustration Design Development Trend from the Psychology and Aesthetics Perspectives

In this paper, we conduct research on the packaging and illustration design development trend from the psychology and aesthetics perspective. Commercial illustration in packaging design which can provide extremely diversified forms of style, to convey the brand＇ s core idea, brand or product difference, and brand personality. Application of illustration in packaging design should use human language, which would make the commodity characteristics. Our methodology combines the principles of psychology and aesthetics to optimize the traditional approaches which will not only enhance the design pattern of the current model and help make innovative products.

Innovation and Technical Efficiency in the Smallholder Dairy Production System in Ethiopia

This study provides estimates of smallholder household＇s production efficiency and its determinants, and separately analyses the technical efficiency of dairy technology adopting and non-adopting farmers using data from Ethiopia. Cobb-Douglas stochastic frontier production function was modeled in the context of local level agricultural innovation systems framework and estimated using 2011 milk production data on 304 dairy farmers. Results show that the mean level of technical efficiency among the sampled farmers was about 26%. This result suggests that there is room for significant increases of production through reallocation of existing resources. Despite significant variation among farmers, these results also indicate only 19% of farmers have mean efficiency scores （_〉 50%）, implying a need to focus on creating innovation capacity that pushes the production frontier outward in the dairy production system. It is also revealed that individual farm households＇ efficiency varied widely across dairy technology adoption status, gender and districts. The significant gamma （g） statistic, of 0.9985 in the analysis indicates that about 99.85% variation in the output of milk production would be attributed to technical inefficiency effects （those under farmer＇s control） while only 0.0015% would be due to random effects, i.e., beyond the farmers control and hence calling for a focus on efficiency enhancing investments. Education, farm size, extension visit and off-farm income opportunity were found to be efficiency enhancing. The study recommends that different components of an agricultural innovation system have to interact to improve the innovation capacity of different actors and thereby improve the estimated technical inefficiencies.

Standards System and Evaluation Indicators System for Environmental Protection Products

Environmental protection products and equipment are important substance basis and insurance which provide supporting for to the realization of the strategic objective of reduced energy use and emissions while improving the resource economy ＆ environmental kindly society building, as well as the sustainable development economy and environment in a sustainable fashion. Here, the framework of the standards system and evaluation indicators system for environmental protection products are described based on the present deficiencies in independent innovation, lower levels of standardization, and poor operating effectiveness of such equipment in China with a goal of forcing the development of standardization, seriation and currency used in the environmental protection industry. The results presented here should serve as a reference for the promotion of quality and effectiveness in environmental protection products and equipments.

Erythropoietin： From a Biosimilar to Innovative Products Protected by Industrial Property Assets

Aim： EPO （erythropoietin） is a hormone that stimulates the erythropoiesis and is mainly produced by the kidneys. In the early 1990s among the emerging biotech drugs, the recombinant human EPO （rhEPO） was the best-selling product worldwide, reaching nearly three billion dollars annually. The CIM （center of molecular immunology） produced and sold the rhEPO as commercial strategy to recover the investment made in its new facilities. This work summarizes the inventions that protect the innovative products developed by three Cuban institutions, starting from rhEPO, and the industrial property strategy followed by them. Methods： The information was obtained from the United States Patent, Trademark Office （USPTO） database, Patentscope, Espacenet, patent databases of Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Drug Development （CIDEM） and Cuban Industrial Property Office. Conclusions： The manufacturing process of CIM＇s EPO has its own patent family. From a manufacturing by product an innovative formulation protected by patent was obtained. There is a patent family around the nasal formulation and it continues enlarging. From a biosimilar pharmaceutical innovative products impacting on human health have been obtained.

Managing Innovation in the Sports Equipment Industry： Upstream Process Management

The point under study is the first of such a nature. This paper investigates the management of innovation adopted by the European leader in sports equipment： Decathlon （Oxylane Group）. In recent years, vertical integration push and innovation have secured the company＇s leadership and success in a number of sports markets throughout Europe. It now has 909 stores located globally. Oxylane Group designs, manufactures, and sells sports products for sports people worldwide. It offers fitness, dance, gymnastics, and combat sports products; bicycles, equipment, and accessories; team sports products; nautical and water sports products （surf sports, diving, sailing, and kayaking products）; swimming products; mountain sports products （for hiking, mountain trailing, camping, skiing, and snow shoe hiking）; skiing and snowboarding products （for snowboarders and skiers）; and climbing and mountaineering products. The company is now a direct challenger for world sports leaders. Since the end of the 1990＇s, Decathlon different sports brands have not taken a unique and rational path to success. The company has built insights about its customers, identified and evaluated unique market opportunities, and prepared a bold game plan to seize them. By doing so, Decathlon has developed a stream of winning products. The process of new business creation generally splits into two parts： an upstream process （sensing and creating opportunities） and a downstream process （converting the selected opportunities into successful products）. Most businesses have a formal process implemented to manage the downstream part. Few that people know of have set up an equivalent process like Oxylane and Decathlon to sense and create new opportunities in the sports equipment industry. The aim of the paper is to examine how the brand has developed two of its successful product： the tent two seconds and the wetsuit ＂Inergy＂. These two products are chosen as examples to understand how the upstream process articulate with the downstream one.

Entrepreneurial Orientation,Knowledge creation process and New Product Development Performance

This paper analyzed the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and new product development perlormance based on the perspective of knowledge creation process. Through a questionnaire survey, we found that entrepreneurial orientation is positively related to new product performance, and knowledge creation process plays a mediating role in this relationship. This article examines the role of entrepreneurial orientation on new product innovation performance in Chinese situations, and it is the first time to check the intermediary functions on each dimension of knowledge test between entrepreneurial orientation and new product development performance.

Technological Development on Layered Products for Foods and/or Foodstuff-Evaluation by Patenting Documents

Packaging is one of the most important methods of keeping the quality of food products for storage, transportation and end-use. The price of materials employed for packaging food has traditionally been high and used to be more expensive than the food itself. Technological innovations made possible to produce packaging materials cheaply. One of these processes is known as co-extrusion. This technique makes a film with two or more layers with different plastics not laminating the layers together with an adhesive, eliminating the use of solvents and producing a film in just one step instead multiple steps. In this background, our paper relates to the evolution on packaging for foods by using patenting documents. A search for patent documents was performed on free patent databases using keywords and International Patent Classification （IPC） codes related to this technology. As results： （a） 17% of the 21,472 documents found are focused on multilayer packaging for food; （b） 12 countries hold more than 90% of patents （38% Japan; 23% The United States of America; 7% Canada and 6% Germany）; and, （c） two peaks were perceived in the period of 1992-1994 and 2003, and matches, respectively, the Persian Gulf （1990-1991） and Iraq Wars （2003-invasion of Iraq）, so the historical tendency is confirmed： ＂wars also generate scientific and technological innovations＂.

Economic Impact of Mutant Cassava （Manihot Species） for Agricultural Improvement in Ghana

The importance of agricultural innovations for raising the living standards of farmers has received substantial attention from the economic and political communities. In Ghana, cassava serves as an important source of calorie and cash crop. Production constraints such as the cassava mosaic disease caused by virus have limit farmers access to productivity potentials and marketing. Breeding efforts attempting to address this constraints have had some success such as the mutant Tech Bankye virus resistant variety. This research, therefore, analysed the impact of some production input on mutant cassava productivity growth in Ghana with the use of Cobb-Douglas production function. Results show that farmers cultivate the mutant variety in addition to other traditional varieties to averse risking in marketing and income. The average cost of production of the mutant variety is higher compared to that of the traditional variety. Eighty percent of the farmers complained difficulty in accessing market for the mutant variety because it could not replace the traditional variety in terms of its texture for the local native ＂fufu＂ production and ＂ampesi＂ and also deteriorate quickly in storage. However, for industrial production of ＂gari＂ and starch, the mutant is the best. Both the mutant cassava and the traditional varieties showed increasing returns to scale, however, the returns to scale of the mutant variety were lower compared to that of the traditional variety. Also, the opportunity cost of forgoing the traditional varieties to cultivating the mutant variety was very high making adopted farmers hesitant to continue it cultivation.

Thought on the Implementation of Agricultural Standardization in the Grain Production and Modern Agriculture

The construction of Grain Production Functional Zone and Modern Agicultural Zone （Two Zones for short） plays a key role in the development of modern agriculture and solving the quantity and quality problems of agricultural products. The Two Zones serves as the important form and carrier of agricultural standardization and the agricultural standardization provides means and ways for it. The paper puts forward the suggestions and solutions for agricultural standardization in Two Zones in the aspects of boosting standards innovation projects, management and so forth.

Model of Value Based Innovation

The paper presents to managers＇ and scholars＇ reasons for using models to determine the strategic importance of innovation and its potential value creation. The model of value based innovation （VBI） provides a clear definition of the adequate value curve to be pursued in any innovation action, from strategic definition to operational product conceptualization and production. The VBI model has been applied in strategic planning in over 100 SMEs throughout Portugal and USA by the authors and other consultant companies. The VBI model provides the practitioners and scholars with a pragmatic tool to determine innovation＇s value creation. Connecting this information with strategic thinking and planning will reduce risk and avoid failure. The theoretical model when converted into a technological application provides an immediate insight into the most adequate strategic innovation to be chosen by top management and operational product developers. The paper demonstrates the relation between innovation and value creation.

A Research on QFD-＂House of Brand＂ in Fashion Industry

Fashion continues to be an area that reflects the increasing popularity of different theoretical and practical approaches of researchers from different disciplines. Due to the rapid cycles of fashion, sustainable products and processes in terms of technical creativity and innovative approach are needed. In this context, fashion marketing emerges as an integrative marketing application with its both technical and social aspects by taking potential customers center that symbolize rapid change and creativity of fashion products. In this study, QFD-House of Brand was designed with Quality Function Deployment （QFD） approach. In this context, the experts （focus group） in Fashion Industry evaluated the selected fashion brand and its selected products by prioritizing the criteria. These evaluations were used in QFD-House of Brand. Thus, technical and social aspects of fashion industry were analysed together. By this technique, QFD-House of Brand established in relation to products and brand was interpreted and optimization suggestions were presented in accordance with the findings of the research. In addition, suggestions on sustainability and optimization of brand equity in fashion industry were provided.