Urban metabolism is a complex system of materials, energy, population and environment, which usually can be measured by the Emergy Synthesis(ES) and the Slacks-Based Measure(SBM) approach. In this paper, by employing ...Urban metabolism is a complex system of materials, energy, population and environment, which usually can be measured by the Emergy Synthesis(ES) and the Slacks-Based Measure(SBM) approach. In this paper, by employing the two approaches of ES and SBM, as well as metabolic evolution index, urban metabolic stocks, efficiencies and elasticity of 31 Chinese cities are evaluated in a systematic way. The results imply that over the last decade(2000–2010), most of the cities, such as Chongqing, Nanjing, Shijiazhuang, Hangzhou, were experiencing drastic urban metabolic efficiency decline accompanied with a moderate decrease of industrial outputs. By contrast, metropolises and specialized cities have improved their urban metabolic performances, with higher output-input ratio and fewer undesirable outputs. However, their exported emergy experienced a substantial increase as well. It is concluded that local urban management might develop policies to diversify urban renewable supplies and address the undesirable output problems. The urban emergy of renewable resources should be specified as a prime focus for future research. In addition, mechanisms of different urban metabolic models will also be necessary for researchers.展开更多
THE almost two-meter-high sculpture Liu Xiaofan admired at an exhibition,and which he assumed was bronze,turned out to have been made from recycled building waste.Liu immediately thought of the pile of demolition debr...THE almost two-meter-high sculpture Liu Xiaofan admired at an exhibition,and which he assumed was bronze,turned out to have been made from recycled building waste.Liu immediately thought of the pile of demolition debris next to his home.He had witnessed new construction waste steadily piling up next to his apartment building and the community public lawn.Dust floated high and free as the wind blew and deposited it on his balcony.This epitomizes the "metabolism" of Chinese cities.展开更多
Urban metabolism provides a robust framework for analyzing urban development and its impacts.However,several conceptual and operational shortcomings have constrained the application of urban metabolism in understandin...Urban metabolism provides a robust framework for analyzing urban development and its impacts.However,several conceptual and operational shortcomings have constrained the application of urban metabolism in understanding the overall urban processes,limiting the transfer of its potential benefits to design and planning.This article systematically analysed the rationale of the current urban metabolism models,focusing on four prevailing shortcomings from a transdisciplinary perspective:1)utilizing an isolated state approach,which treats urban systems as isolated from other ecosystems;2)ignoring internal processes within urban systems,known as the black box paradox;3)employing a linear material approach that focuses on the path of single materials;and 4)overlooking the material productivity of urban systems,where energy and materials entering the system are used to reproduce the urban material structure and generate goods and tradable products.While these issues have been identified individually in existing scientific literature,there is a lack of holistic solutions.This article proposes an enhanced urban metabolism analytical approachDthe ecosystem approach applying atechnomassoDto address these shortcomings and provide practical solutions in landscape architecture and planning disciplines for sustainable urban development.展开更多
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41530634,41530751)Key Consulting Project of the Chinese Academy of Science and Technology Strategic Consulting(No.Y02015001)+1 种基金Open Project Funding of Beijing Modern Industrial New Area Development Research Base in 2015(No.JD2015002)Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.2014042)
文摘Urban metabolism is a complex system of materials, energy, population and environment, which usually can be measured by the Emergy Synthesis(ES) and the Slacks-Based Measure(SBM) approach. In this paper, by employing the two approaches of ES and SBM, as well as metabolic evolution index, urban metabolic stocks, efficiencies and elasticity of 31 Chinese cities are evaluated in a systematic way. The results imply that over the last decade(2000–2010), most of the cities, such as Chongqing, Nanjing, Shijiazhuang, Hangzhou, were experiencing drastic urban metabolic efficiency decline accompanied with a moderate decrease of industrial outputs. By contrast, metropolises and specialized cities have improved their urban metabolic performances, with higher output-input ratio and fewer undesirable outputs. However, their exported emergy experienced a substantial increase as well. It is concluded that local urban management might develop policies to diversify urban renewable supplies and address the undesirable output problems. The urban emergy of renewable resources should be specified as a prime focus for future research. In addition, mechanisms of different urban metabolic models will also be necessary for researchers.
文摘THE almost two-meter-high sculpture Liu Xiaofan admired at an exhibition,and which he assumed was bronze,turned out to have been made from recycled building waste.Liu immediately thought of the pile of demolition debris next to his home.He had witnessed new construction waste steadily piling up next to his apartment building and the community public lawn.Dust floated high and free as the wind blew and deposited it on his balcony.This epitomizes the "metabolism" of Chinese cities.
文摘Urban metabolism provides a robust framework for analyzing urban development and its impacts.However,several conceptual and operational shortcomings have constrained the application of urban metabolism in understanding the overall urban processes,limiting the transfer of its potential benefits to design and planning.This article systematically analysed the rationale of the current urban metabolism models,focusing on four prevailing shortcomings from a transdisciplinary perspective:1)utilizing an isolated state approach,which treats urban systems as isolated from other ecosystems;2)ignoring internal processes within urban systems,known as the black box paradox;3)employing a linear material approach that focuses on the path of single materials;and 4)overlooking the material productivity of urban systems,where energy and materials entering the system are used to reproduce the urban material structure and generate goods and tradable products.While these issues have been identified individually in existing scientific literature,there is a lack of holistic solutions.This article proposes an enhanced urban metabolism analytical approachDthe ecosystem approach applying atechnomassoDto address these shortcomings and provide practical solutions in landscape architecture and planning disciplines for sustainable urban development.
