This paper traces the origins and achievements of the R^seau Ouest et Centre Africain du Riz--ROCARIZ （West and Central Africa Rice Research and Development Network）. The ROCARIZ institutional arrangement showed tha...This paper traces the origins and achievements of the R^seau Ouest et Centre Africain du Riz--ROCARIZ （West and Central Africa Rice Research and Development Network）. The ROCARIZ institutional arrangement showed that rice science is approached from multi-stakeholder perspectives that place end users and entrepreneurs at the center of research for development, and collaboration among rice-based stakeholders can be enhanced and sustained. The ROCARIZ used competitive research grants through multi-stakeholder task forces to generate, adapt, and facilitate the adoption of rice-based technologies and approaches by resource poor households. The grants contributed to： （1） farmer adoption of high yielding and multiple stress resilient lowland NERICAs （New Rices for Africa） （NERICA-L）; （2） producer access to credit and services resulting in increased marketing of quality seed rice, paddy, and grain rice by farmer entrepreneurs and poor rural households; （3） improved skills of stakeholders on the use of impact assessment tools to demonstrate adoption of rice-based technologies; （4） enhanced skills of rice breeders in molecular assisted marker selection to shorten the varietal development process; and （S） experiential learning and sharing to improve access to information and knowledge.展开更多
The double-line five-step ship-lock of Three Gorges Project (TGP) is an extra-large navigation structure with the maximum design total head and single-step delivery head in the world and complicated technical problems...The double-line five-step ship-lock of Three Gorges Project (TGP) is an extra-large navigation structure with the maximum design total head and single-step delivery head in the world and complicated technical problems.The shiplock is a challenging and world-class project integrating the advanced techniques and equipment,the up-to-date technologies and materials,as well as the advanced project management.Through 17-year construction and 9-year operation of the ship-lock,various difficulties in design,construction,equipment manufacturing and installation as well as system debugging have been overcome effectively.The project management ideas,management system,management methods,technological innovation and team building are summarized according to the management practice of the second stage main work of Three Gorges ship-lock.展开更多
In mainstream economics （the neoclassical economics）, it is accepted that every company that competes under the perfect competition market has the same technological equipment. So, technology is approached as a simp...In mainstream economics （the neoclassical economics）, it is accepted that every company that competes under the perfect competition market has the same technological equipment. So, technology is approached as a simple efficiency increase whose source is unknown. In terms of established economics view, technology is like a ＂black box＂ that cannot be predicted. As the creator of the concept of＂creative destruction＂, Joseph Schumpeter （1883-1950） caused significant changes in terms of the view of neoclassical economics about technology. On one hand, Schumpeter created a new point of view about the concept of＂innovation＂ by using key concepts, such as ＂invention＂, ＂imitation＂, and ＂business cycles＂. Schumpeter＇s ＂creative destruction＂ concept carries out the role of a new map for the new institutional economics trend which accepts ＂technology＂ as an institution. On the other hand, if one is to understand why the ideology differs between neoclassical economics and new institutional economics, ＂transaction costs＂ should be analyzed. Since, transaction costs and creative destruction have a relationship between each other; Schumpeter and Coase＇s ideas are resembling each other. While doing this, this paper will try to discuss the question of how to accept the technology as ＂external＂ instead of ＂internal＂ limit neoclassical economics. In this process, it will primarily base the dimension on the concept of＂technology＂ developed by Schumpeter. The second station is an inquiry between Schumpeter＇s and Coase＇s ideas about technology. Although new institutional economics （NIE） and neoclassical economics can be confused, they can be seperated from each other by the way they look at technology. Because, technology is accepted as an external theme by neoclassical economics, on the contrary, NIE acceptes technology as an internal fact. One of the most important reasons why technology is internal in terms of NIE can be evaluated by ＂transaction costs＂. As a result, the author will give effort to create a critical presentation in order to readdress the viewpoint of mainstream economics about ＂technology＂.展开更多
文摘This paper traces the origins and achievements of the R^seau Ouest et Centre Africain du Riz--ROCARIZ （West and Central Africa Rice Research and Development Network）. The ROCARIZ institutional arrangement showed that rice science is approached from multi-stakeholder perspectives that place end users and entrepreneurs at the center of research for development, and collaboration among rice-based stakeholders can be enhanced and sustained. The ROCARIZ used competitive research grants through multi-stakeholder task forces to generate, adapt, and facilitate the adoption of rice-based technologies and approaches by resource poor households. The grants contributed to： （1） farmer adoption of high yielding and multiple stress resilient lowland NERICAs （New Rices for Africa） （NERICA-L）; （2） producer access to credit and services resulting in increased marketing of quality seed rice, paddy, and grain rice by farmer entrepreneurs and poor rural households; （3） improved skills of stakeholders on the use of impact assessment tools to demonstrate adoption of rice-based technologies; （4） enhanced skills of rice breeders in molecular assisted marker selection to shorten the varietal development process; and （S） experiential learning and sharing to improve access to information and knowledge.
文摘The double-line five-step ship-lock of Three Gorges Project (TGP) is an extra-large navigation structure with the maximum design total head and single-step delivery head in the world and complicated technical problems.The shiplock is a challenging and world-class project integrating the advanced techniques and equipment,the up-to-date technologies and materials,as well as the advanced project management.Through 17-year construction and 9-year operation of the ship-lock,various difficulties in design,construction,equipment manufacturing and installation as well as system debugging have been overcome effectively.The project management ideas,management system,management methods,technological innovation and team building are summarized according to the management practice of the second stage main work of Three Gorges ship-lock.
文摘In mainstream economics （the neoclassical economics）, it is accepted that every company that competes under the perfect competition market has the same technological equipment. So, technology is approached as a simple efficiency increase whose source is unknown. In terms of established economics view, technology is like a ＂black box＂ that cannot be predicted. As the creator of the concept of＂creative destruction＂, Joseph Schumpeter （1883-1950） caused significant changes in terms of the view of neoclassical economics about technology. On one hand, Schumpeter created a new point of view about the concept of＂innovation＂ by using key concepts, such as ＂invention＂, ＂imitation＂, and ＂business cycles＂. Schumpeter＇s ＂creative destruction＂ concept carries out the role of a new map for the new institutional economics trend which accepts ＂technology＂ as an institution. On the other hand, if one is to understand why the ideology differs between neoclassical economics and new institutional economics, ＂transaction costs＂ should be analyzed. Since, transaction costs and creative destruction have a relationship between each other; Schumpeter and Coase＇s ideas are resembling each other. While doing this, this paper will try to discuss the question of how to accept the technology as ＂external＂ instead of ＂internal＂ limit neoclassical economics. In this process, it will primarily base the dimension on the concept of＂technology＂ developed by Schumpeter. The second station is an inquiry between Schumpeter＇s and Coase＇s ideas about technology. Although new institutional economics （NIE） and neoclassical economics can be confused, they can be seperated from each other by the way they look at technology. Because, technology is accepted as an external theme by neoclassical economics, on the contrary, NIE acceptes technology as an internal fact. One of the most important reasons why technology is internal in terms of NIE can be evaluated by ＂transaction costs＂. As a result, the author will give effort to create a critical presentation in order to readdress the viewpoint of mainstream economics about ＂technology＂.
