The Drake Passage is the seaway between South America and Antarctica. It is widely believed that the thermal isolation effects caused by the opening of the Drake Passage played an important role in the abrupt cooling ...The Drake Passage is the seaway between South America and Antarctica. It is widely believed that the thermal isolation effects caused by the opening of the Drake Passage played an important role in the abrupt cooling that occurred at the Eocene-Oligocene boundary in the Cenozoic. These effects are also thought to be independent of the geometry of the passage. Here, the authors demonstrate that the climate impacts of the Drake Passage depend on the passage geometry by comparing the climate's sensitivity to the opening of the Drake Passage under the present and the Early Eocene land-sea configurations. These experiments show that the thermal isolation effects caused by the passage are much stronger under the present land-sea configuration. In comparison, under the Early Eocene land-sea configuration, the weak anomalies in heat transport caused by the opening of the narrow and shallow Drake Passage are not strong enough to thermally insulate Antarctica. The climate effects of the Drake Passage on the Cenozoic cooling have been overestimated in previous sensitivity studies carried out using the present land-sea configuration. Thus, it is unlikely that the opening of the Drake Passage played an essential role in the abrupt Cenozoic cooling, especially in the abrupt cooling at the Eocene-Oligocene boundary.展开更多
This paper uses empirical research conducted in Shanghai to answer these questions： What are the differences between the new generation of migrant workers and the previous generation of migrant workers？ What influen...This paper uses empirical research conducted in Shanghai to answer these questions： What are the differences between the new generation of migrant workers and the previous generation of migrant workers？ What influence do they have on China＇s politics？ Surveys have shown that the new generation of migrant workers put a greater emphasis on personal space and quality of life. They also have a greater awareness of their individual rights. Additionally, they have a stronger desire to assimilate into the city. The ratio of remittances in relation to income among the new generation of migrant workers has decreased signiflcandy while their local spending has increased. Overall, the new migrant workers demonstrate a stronger tendency towards permanent migration. Local citizenship based on the hukou （household registration ） system is facing a crisis of legitimacy. The unrest among the new generation of migrant workers is a mixture of Marx-type labor unrest and Polanyi-type labor unrest, but the unrest is ultimately directed towards the state. The result will be a rise in the politics of citizenship in China.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 40902054the Earth System Model Modeling project supported by Statoil, Norway
文摘The Drake Passage is the seaway between South America and Antarctica. It is widely believed that the thermal isolation effects caused by the opening of the Drake Passage played an important role in the abrupt cooling that occurred at the Eocene-Oligocene boundary in the Cenozoic. These effects are also thought to be independent of the geometry of the passage. Here, the authors demonstrate that the climate impacts of the Drake Passage depend on the passage geometry by comparing the climate's sensitivity to the opening of the Drake Passage under the present and the Early Eocene land-sea configurations. These experiments show that the thermal isolation effects caused by the passage are much stronger under the present land-sea configuration. In comparison, under the Early Eocene land-sea configuration, the weak anomalies in heat transport caused by the opening of the narrow and shallow Drake Passage are not strong enough to thermally insulate Antarctica. The climate effects of the Drake Passage on the Cenozoic cooling have been overestimated in previous sensitivity studies carried out using the present land-sea configuration. Thus, it is unlikely that the opening of the Drake Passage played an essential role in the abrupt Cenozoic cooling, especially in the abrupt cooling at the Eocene-Oligocene boundary.
文摘This paper uses empirical research conducted in Shanghai to answer these questions： What are the differences between the new generation of migrant workers and the previous generation of migrant workers？ What influence do they have on China＇s politics？ Surveys have shown that the new generation of migrant workers put a greater emphasis on personal space and quality of life. They also have a greater awareness of their individual rights. Additionally, they have a stronger desire to assimilate into the city. The ratio of remittances in relation to income among the new generation of migrant workers has decreased signiflcandy while their local spending has increased. Overall, the new migrant workers demonstrate a stronger tendency towards permanent migration. Local citizenship based on the hukou （household registration ） system is facing a crisis of legitimacy. The unrest among the new generation of migrant workers is a mixture of Marx-type labor unrest and Polanyi-type labor unrest, but the unrest is ultimately directed towards the state. The result will be a rise in the politics of citizenship in China.
