In this paper, we conduct research on cognitive model of the journalist on journalism under newspaper industry transformation period. “Journalism” is the logical starting point of theoretical journalism system that ...In this paper, we conduct research on cognitive model of the journalist on journalism under newspaper industry transformation period. “Journalism” is the logical starting point of theoretical journalism system that is the most abstract, general concept of journalism. Therefore, analyzing the connotation and the essence of “news activities” has special significance and value to the whole journalism, that especially theoretical journalism. All of these activities, together with the news dissemination activities as the core of the news activities, are the broad news activities. From the perspective of journalism, these activities constitute the main object of the study of journalism, news on different areas of activity, form different areas or different branches of journalism. For this, the paper proposes the cognitive model of the journalist on the journalism under newspaper industry transformation period that will promote the further development.展开更多
Radio and television outfits constitute a subset of the mass media belonging specifically to the broadcast system, and vitally provide information useful for development （among others） to its adherents, consumers, a...Radio and television outfits constitute a subset of the mass media belonging specifically to the broadcast system, and vitally provide information useful for development （among others） to its adherents, consumers, and audiences. Health reporting or health news is an aspect of health communication through which the audiences are informed of all matters relating to their total well-being. In this paper, the authors investigated news reporting among broadcast outfits in Lagos-Nigeria as a measure to monitor or watchdog and report the reporter to his clients. The investigation was in two parts： One looked at his strategies in covering and reporting health in the environment; while the other examined news bulletins to subject its health news to a content analysis. The study revealed that health is a neglected concern in broadcast reporting with trigger or vulture approach/practice among broadcast outfits.展开更多
Appraisal Theory is a further development of interpersonal function in systemic functional linguistics. Based on the subsystem-attitude system in Appraisal Theory, an attempt is made to conduct a comparative analysis ...Appraisal Theory is a further development of interpersonal function in systemic functional linguistics. Based on the subsystem-attitude system in Appraisal Theory, an attempt is made to conduct a comparative analysis of attitudinal resources in English and Chinese news on MH370 accident. Meanwhile, certain attitudes or stances conveyed by the authors of these news will be revealed through some typical examples. Both quantitative and qualitative methods are adopted in the present study to make a statistical and interpretive analysis of the collected materials. It is found that both English and Chinese news contain many attitudinal resources. There are similarities and differences concerning the distribution of attitudinal resources between English and Chinese news. The findings suggest that though news is expected to be objective and factual, it may imply the authors＇ subjective attitudes to some extent. So readers should get hang of the different opinions and stances hidden behind different news reporting so as to improve abilities to appreciate and differentiate different news.展开更多
Martin＇s Appraisal System Theory presents a powerful tool to decode the journalist＇s attitude or world view in news text. The evaluation in this Appraisal System can be further classified into explicit evaluation, w...Martin＇s Appraisal System Theory presents a powerful tool to decode the journalist＇s attitude or world view in news text. The evaluation in this Appraisal System can be further classified into explicit evaluation, which inscribes the attitude through the attitudinal vocabulary and implicit evaluation, which invokes the attitude through the use of non-core lexis. Martin （2005） pointed out that the implicit evaluation is realized by three approaches： lexical metaphor, the selection of ideational meanings, and graduation. However, the invoked attitude can be achieved by an amount of resources other than the above approaches. In this paper through the exploration of invoked attitude in the English-language China Doily, we find that the attitude is also invoked through grammatical metaphor, general noun as well as conjunction. It is of great significance to decode the journalists＇ or newspapers＇ viewpoints by exploring the implicit evaluation in the news text.展开更多
Combining,, cultural-historical theory＇ of human development with research pinpointing education inhibitors, a survey was developed to investigate how journalism teachers evaluated the effects of five education inhib...Combining,, cultural-historical theory＇ of human development with research pinpointing education inhibitors, a survey was developed to investigate how journalism teachers evaluated the effects of five education inhibitors on their students＇ learning. The list of inhibitors included electronic gadgets, lack of nutrition, parental education levels, family support levels, and racial subcultures. Results showed that use of electronic gadgets and lack of parental edxlcation were perceived as having the most negative influence on learning, while students＂ subcultures were perceived as having the smallest effect. Respondents also knew the least about their students＇ nutritional intake. Further, school size and student socio-economic status seem to play some role in teacher awareness of education inhibitors, and this is an important finding. It shows that while increasing teacher awareness of various education inhibitors, demographic factors also must be considered when targeting specific inhibitors.展开更多
Some scholars argue that stereotypes of women as docile and non-violent result in women receiving leniency from the public compared to men who commit identical crimes. However, others assert that women who commit viol...Some scholars argue that stereotypes of women as docile and non-violent result in women receiving leniency from the public compared to men who commit identical crimes. However, others assert that women who commit violent crimes violate traditional gender roles, which can lead the public to evaluate them more harshly than their male counterparts. More than 900 adults read news stories about either a woman abusing a man or a man abusing a woman before evaluating the criminal suspect. Female participants showed in-group favoritism towards criminal suspects that matched their gender. Conversely, male participants did not show a preference for their in-group. Overall, both male and female participants were more likely to believe the crime was justified, have more sympathy for the criminal suspect, assign less jail time, and have a more positive attitude towards the suspect when the criminal suspect was female vis-a-vis male. These findings were more pronounced when there was a non-fatal crime compared to a crime involving a fatality. Chivalry hypothesis and social identity theory are discussed.展开更多
The Japanese Taxation Agency （JTA） introduced transfer pricing taxation （TPT） in order to suppress the outflow of profits and therefore taxes of Japanese companies, which are expanding overseas. There have been ma...The Japanese Taxation Agency （JTA） introduced transfer pricing taxation （TPT） in order to suppress the outflow of profits and therefore taxes of Japanese companies, which are expanding overseas. There have been many press reports regarding the application of TPT, and so there is much public attention on this issue. TPT is applied to unnatural transfer prices （TP）. If TPT is applied to a multinational company （MNC）, the company will need to bear enormous documentation costs in its calculation of the ratable price. In addition, in the last few years, the target of TPT is shifting to the overseas transfer of intangible assets, such as trademarks, royalties, patents, and charges income. As a result, companies have become more careful about TPT and investors tend to pay attention to companies＇ TPT strategy. With regard to this point, this paper examines how the market evaluates news regarding TP by investigating the market reaction to an initial press report mentioning that a firm was involved in a TP manipulation and may be guilty of tax underpayment. We examine these events both because press reports are currently under intense scrutiny and because there has been very little research on firms that engage in tax sheltering （see, e.g., Graham ＆ Tucker, 2006; Hanlon ＆ Slemrod, 2009）. Some view the fact that not all firms engage in tax sheltering as surprising because of the widespread view that shelters, at least in the 1990s, in expectation, offered a positive net present value position. The potential negative public relations effect is often cited as one reason for this ＂under-sheltering＂ phenomenon （Bankman, 2004）. On the event study analysis, we find that the Japanese capital market has shown a statistically significant negative reaction to the press reports. This result is due to a strong distrust of corporate activity regarding TP strategies. Moreover, in order to clarify the reason why the market responds to reports of TPT being applied, we compute the cumulative abnormal returns （CARs） around the date of the press report and conduct two-stage least-squares estimation to examine where this result regarding the market reaction comes from. Our results indicate that the variables for intangible assets and effective tax rate and the variables which represent the extent of corporate governance （CG） are statistically significant with respect to these reactions.展开更多
文摘In this paper, we conduct research on cognitive model of the journalist on journalism under newspaper industry transformation period. “Journalism” is the logical starting point of theoretical journalism system that is the most abstract, general concept of journalism. Therefore, analyzing the connotation and the essence of “news activities” has special significance and value to the whole journalism, that especially theoretical journalism. All of these activities, together with the news dissemination activities as the core of the news activities, are the broad news activities. From the perspective of journalism, these activities constitute the main object of the study of journalism, news on different areas of activity, form different areas or different branches of journalism. For this, the paper proposes the cognitive model of the journalist on the journalism under newspaper industry transformation period that will promote the further development.
文摘Radio and television outfits constitute a subset of the mass media belonging specifically to the broadcast system, and vitally provide information useful for development （among others） to its adherents, consumers, and audiences. Health reporting or health news is an aspect of health communication through which the audiences are informed of all matters relating to their total well-being. In this paper, the authors investigated news reporting among broadcast outfits in Lagos-Nigeria as a measure to monitor or watchdog and report the reporter to his clients. The investigation was in two parts： One looked at his strategies in covering and reporting health in the environment; while the other examined news bulletins to subject its health news to a content analysis. The study revealed that health is a neglected concern in broadcast reporting with trigger or vulture approach/practice among broadcast outfits.
文摘Appraisal Theory is a further development of interpersonal function in systemic functional linguistics. Based on the subsystem-attitude system in Appraisal Theory, an attempt is made to conduct a comparative analysis of attitudinal resources in English and Chinese news on MH370 accident. Meanwhile, certain attitudes or stances conveyed by the authors of these news will be revealed through some typical examples. Both quantitative and qualitative methods are adopted in the present study to make a statistical and interpretive analysis of the collected materials. It is found that both English and Chinese news contain many attitudinal resources. There are similarities and differences concerning the distribution of attitudinal resources between English and Chinese news. The findings suggest that though news is expected to be objective and factual, it may imply the authors＇ subjective attitudes to some extent. So readers should get hang of the different opinions and stances hidden behind different news reporting so as to improve abilities to appreciate and differentiate different news.
文摘Martin＇s Appraisal System Theory presents a powerful tool to decode the journalist＇s attitude or world view in news text. The evaluation in this Appraisal System can be further classified into explicit evaluation, which inscribes the attitude through the attitudinal vocabulary and implicit evaluation, which invokes the attitude through the use of non-core lexis. Martin （2005） pointed out that the implicit evaluation is realized by three approaches： lexical metaphor, the selection of ideational meanings, and graduation. However, the invoked attitude can be achieved by an amount of resources other than the above approaches. In this paper through the exploration of invoked attitude in the English-language China Doily, we find that the attitude is also invoked through grammatical metaphor, general noun as well as conjunction. It is of great significance to decode the journalists＇ or newspapers＇ viewpoints by exploring the implicit evaluation in the news text.
文摘Combining,, cultural-historical theory＇ of human development with research pinpointing education inhibitors, a survey was developed to investigate how journalism teachers evaluated the effects of five education inhibitors on their students＇ learning. The list of inhibitors included electronic gadgets, lack of nutrition, parental education levels, family support levels, and racial subcultures. Results showed that use of electronic gadgets and lack of parental edxlcation were perceived as having the most negative influence on learning, while students＂ subcultures were perceived as having the smallest effect. Respondents also knew the least about their students＇ nutritional intake. Further, school size and student socio-economic status seem to play some role in teacher awareness of education inhibitors, and this is an important finding. It shows that while increasing teacher awareness of various education inhibitors, demographic factors also must be considered when targeting specific inhibitors.
文摘Some scholars argue that stereotypes of women as docile and non-violent result in women receiving leniency from the public compared to men who commit identical crimes. However, others assert that women who commit violent crimes violate traditional gender roles, which can lead the public to evaluate them more harshly than their male counterparts. More than 900 adults read news stories about either a woman abusing a man or a man abusing a woman before evaluating the criminal suspect. Female participants showed in-group favoritism towards criminal suspects that matched their gender. Conversely, male participants did not show a preference for their in-group. Overall, both male and female participants were more likely to believe the crime was justified, have more sympathy for the criminal suspect, assign less jail time, and have a more positive attitude towards the suspect when the criminal suspect was female vis-a-vis male. These findings were more pronounced when there was a non-fatal crime compared to a crime involving a fatality. Chivalry hypothesis and social identity theory are discussed.
文摘The Japanese Taxation Agency （JTA） introduced transfer pricing taxation （TPT） in order to suppress the outflow of profits and therefore taxes of Japanese companies, which are expanding overseas. There have been many press reports regarding the application of TPT, and so there is much public attention on this issue. TPT is applied to unnatural transfer prices （TP）. If TPT is applied to a multinational company （MNC）, the company will need to bear enormous documentation costs in its calculation of the ratable price. In addition, in the last few years, the target of TPT is shifting to the overseas transfer of intangible assets, such as trademarks, royalties, patents, and charges income. As a result, companies have become more careful about TPT and investors tend to pay attention to companies＇ TPT strategy. With regard to this point, this paper examines how the market evaluates news regarding TP by investigating the market reaction to an initial press report mentioning that a firm was involved in a TP manipulation and may be guilty of tax underpayment. We examine these events both because press reports are currently under intense scrutiny and because there has been very little research on firms that engage in tax sheltering （see, e.g., Graham ＆ Tucker, 2006; Hanlon ＆ Slemrod, 2009）. Some view the fact that not all firms engage in tax sheltering as surprising because of the widespread view that shelters, at least in the 1990s, in expectation, offered a positive net present value position. The potential negative public relations effect is often cited as one reason for this ＂under-sheltering＂ phenomenon （Bankman, 2004）. On the event study analysis, we find that the Japanese capital market has shown a statistically significant negative reaction to the press reports. This result is due to a strong distrust of corporate activity regarding TP strategies. Moreover, in order to clarify the reason why the market responds to reports of TPT being applied, we compute the cumulative abnormal returns （CARs） around the date of the press report and conduct two-stage least-squares estimation to examine where this result regarding the market reaction comes from. Our results indicate that the variables for intangible assets and effective tax rate and the variables which represent the extent of corporate governance （CG） are statistically significant with respect to these reactions.
