肝癌患者脂质和脂蛋白的变化

肝脏在脂质和脂蛋白的代谢中起着重要的作用。在大多数肝细胞癌情况下,血浆三酰甘油、胆固醇、游离脂肪酸、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、脂蛋白a、载脂蛋白AⅠ和载脂蛋白B有轻度至显著的减少,分析肝细胞癌患者血浆脂质、脂蛋白和载脂蛋白可以反映肝细胞损伤的程度。同时,HDL和LDL可作为不溶于水的抗肿瘤药物的载体。

Evolution mechanism of demand for comprehensive transportation system based on metabolic ecology

The metabolic evolution model of transportation demand for comprehensive transportation systems is put forward on the basis of a metabolic theory of ecology. In the model, the growth rates or changing rates of transportation volumes for the various transportation modes of a city are determined not only by the GDP per capita which reflects the size of the city itself, but also by the relationship of competition and cooperation among transportation modes. The results of empirical analysis for Chinese cities show that the allometric growth exponent in the equation for the variation rate of passenger demand volume on rail is greater than the predicted value of 1/4 in metabolic ecology, whereas the allometric growth relationship is not so evident in the equation for the variation rate of passenger demand volume on road. The changing rate of road transportation is thus mainly affected by the relationship of competition and cooperation among transportation modes for Chinese cities.

马克思主义与生态辩证法

马克思所提出的囊括人类、自然和社会三重维度的"新陈代谢"这一概念,饱含着深邃的生态世界观,是生态哲学中的核心概念。这一世界观是劳动价值论和生态价值论的有机统一,蕴含着独到的生态辩证法。在一定意义上,生态辩证法在马克思主义理论体系中占据中心地位。针对当前流行的那些企图淡化马克思生态思想的理论诘难,有必要利用生态辩证法对其作出有力的回应,以期重构马克思主义理论。马克思生态辩证法的未来愿景是:创造一个可持续的、共同发展的人类社会,使联合起来的生产者可以合理调节人类—自然—社会之间的新陈代谢,从而推动人的自由全面发展。

青春期小知识

“青春痘”的大名叫‘痤疮”，脸上、前胸、后背常常能找到它们的踪迹，很多男孩女孩为之苦恼。“青春痘”其实是一种正常的生理现象。因为到了青春期，人的新陈代射旺盛，内分泌增加，类似皮脂这样的东西，就会大量堵塞在毛囊口不能畅快地排出，于是形成一个又一个乳白色小点，鼓起在皮肤表面上。有些严重的，还可能引起局部发炎。想“战痘”成功，平时要注意以下几点。

中西医结合治疗马属动物霉玉米中毒

马属动物霉玉米中毒是由于马属动物采食霉变玉米而引起的一种疾病,以明显的神经症状和脑白质液化、出血及卡他性胃肠炎为特征。本病以驴的发病率较高,死亡率也较高。近年来,笔者在兽医临床工作中应用中西医结合方法诊治15例马属动物霉玉米中毒病例,治愈10例,死亡5例。1病因发霉的玉米中,串珠镰刀菌在新陈代谢过程中产生赤霉素、赤霉酸和去氢镰刀菌酸等毒素,动物采食霉玉米后,发生中毒和死亡。本病具有明显季节性。

抗皱小窍门

要想有效地防止和推迟皱纹的出现,要注意发现有无全身性疾病,特别是必须积极治疗慢性消耗性疾病,要纠正各种不良生活习惯,如吸烟、过量饮酒、经常熬夜等。此外,还可以试试这几个小窍门:

女性28天激素分泌日历

在日常生活中,我们都很习惯用每月30天或31天的日历,并按照这个日历安排我们的生活。然而不为人熟知的是,每一位女性都有一个自己独享的日历,这个日历就是女性的一个生理周期。通常来说,每28天为女性的一个生理周期。这个独特的生理周期是由女性身体分泌激素的情况决定的。虽然每位女性因为生活环境和生活方式的不同,其身体分泌激素的情况也不尽相同。但从总体上说,在每个生理周期其分泌激素的特点是相同的。下面是我们归纳的一份关于女性在每个生理周期中每一天的共同特点。女性朋友如果掌握了这个生理周期的特点,就可以有针对性地预防各种情况的出现,安心舒适地度过每一天(以月经来潮作为生理周期的第一天)。

FXR： a metabolic regulator and cell protector

Farnesoid X receptor （FXR） is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors. As a metabolic regulator, FXR plays key roles in bile acid, cholesterol, lipid, and glucose metabolism. Therefore, FXR is a potential drug target for a number of metabolic disorders, especially those related to the metabolic syndrome. More recently, our group and others have extended the functions of FXR to more than metabolic regulation, which include anti-bacterial growth in intestine, liver regeneration, and hepatocarcinogenesis. These new findings suggest that FXR has much broader roles than previously thought, and also higi.light FXR as a drug target for multiple diseases. This review summarizes the basic information of FXR but focuses on its new functions.

Alcohol-induced steatosis in liver cells

Alcohol-induced fatty liver (steatosis) was believed to result from excessive generation of reducing equivalents from ethanol metabolism, thereby enhancing fat accumulation. Recent findings have revealed a more complex picture in which ethanol oxidation is still required, but specific transcription as well as humoral factors also have important roles. Transcription factors involved include the sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP-1) which is activated to induce genes that regulate lipid biosynthesis. Conversely, ethanol consumption causes a general down-regulation of lipid (fatty acid) oxidation, a reflection of inactivation of the peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-α) that regulates genes involved in fatty acid oxidation. A third transcription factor is the early growth response-1 (Egr-1), which is strongly induced prior to the onset of steatosis. The activities of all these factors are governed by that of the principal regulatory enzyme, AMP kinase. Important humoral factors, including adiponectin, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), also regulate alcohol-induced steatosis. Their levels are affected by alcohol consumption and by each other. This review will summarize the actions of these proteins in ethanol-elicited fatty liver. Because steatosis is now regarded as a significant risk factor for advanced liver pathology, an understanding of the molecular mechanisms in its etiology is essential for development of effective therapies.

Relationship between alanine aminotransferase levels and metabolic syndrome in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Objective： To investigate the relationship between alanine aminotransferase （ALT） levels and metabolic syndrome （MS） in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease （NAFLD）. Methods： A total of 26527 subjects who received medical health checkup in our hospital from January 2005 to July 2007 were enrolled in the study. The diagnosis of fatty liver was based on ultrasound imaging. MS was defined according to the criteria of the Adult Treatment Panel III. ALT, triglyceride （TG）, high density lipoprotein cholesterol （HDL-c）, fasting plasma glucose （FPG）, height, weight, waist circumference （WC）, systolic blood pressure （SBP） and diastolic blood pressure （DBP） were measured in each subject to analyze the relationship between MS and ALT activity Results： （1） The prevalence of NAFLD in men （30.94%） was significantly higher than that in women （15.65%）; （2） The incidence of MS in NAFLD （33.83%） was significantly greater than that in non-NAFLD （10.62%）; （3） Of the 6470 subjects with NAFLD, in the age-adjusted partial correlation analysis, there were statistically significant correlations between the ALT levels and most metabolic risk factors in each sex （P〈0.01）, except that ALT levels multiple stepwise regression analysis, SBP lost its significance, and had no correlation with HDL-c in women. Moreover, in the WC, body mass index （BMI）, age, DBP, TG and FPG were independently associated with ALT levels in both sexes （P〈0.05）. HDL-c remained significant and was independently related to ALT levels in men; （4） ALT levels were significantly higher in subjects with MS compared to those without MS （P〈0.001）. Mean ALT levels increased with the number of MS components in each sex （P〈0.05 for trend）. Conclusion： We found a strong relationship between ALT levels and MS in NAFLD and revealed that the cluster of MS components might be the predictor for ALT elevations.

Reprogramming of glucose metabolism in hepatocellular carcinoma: Progress and prospects

Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is one of the most lethal cancers, and its rate of incidence is rising annually. Despite the progress in diagnosis and treatment, the overall prognoses of HCC patients remain dismal due to the difficulties in early diagnosis and the high level of tumor invasion, metastasis and recurrence. It is urgent to explore the underlying mechanism of HCC carcinogenesis and progression to find out the specific biomarkers for HCC early diagnosis and the promising target for HCC chemotherapy. Recently, the reprogramming of cancer metabolism has been identified as a hallmark of cancer. The shift from the oxidative phosphorylation metabolic pathway to the glycolysis pathway in HCC meets the demands of rapid cell proliferation and offers a favorable microenvironment for tumor progression. Such metabolic reprogramming could be considered as a critical link between the different HCC genotypes and phenotypes. The regulation of metabolic reprogramming in cancer is complex and may occur via genetic mutations and epigenetic modulations including oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, signaling pathways, noncoding RNAs, and glycolytic enzymes etc. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms of glycolysis in HCC may enrich our knowledge of hepatocellular carcinogenesis and provide important foundations in the search for novel diagnostic biomarkers and promising therapeutic targets for HCC.

Effects of over-expressing resistin on glucose and lipid metabolism in mice

Resistin,a newly discovered peptide hormone mainly secreted by adipose tissues,is present at high levels in serum of obese mice and may be a potential link between obesity and insulin resistance in rodents. However,some studies of rat and mouse models have associated insulin resistance and obesity with decreased resistin expression. In humans,no relationship between resistin level and insulin resistance or adiposity was observed. This suggests that additional studies are necessary to determine the specific role of resistin in the regulation of energy metabolism and adipogenesis. In the present study,we investigated the effect of resistin in vivo on glucose and lipid metabolism by over-expressing resistin in mice by intramuscular injection of a recombinant eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3.1-Retn encoding porcine resistin gene. After injection,serum resistin and serum glucose (GLU) levels were significantly increased in the pcDNA3.1-Retn-treated mice; there was an obvious difference in total cholesterol (TC) level between the experiment and the control groups on Day 30. In pcDNA3.1-Retn-treated mice,both free fatty acid (FFA) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels were markedly lower than those of control,whereas HDL cholesterol and triglyceride (TG) levels did not differ between the two groups. Furthermore,lipase activity was expressly lower on Day 20. Our data suggest that resistin over-expressed in mice might be responsible for insulin resistance and parameters related to glucose and lipid metabolism were changed accordingly.

Impact of a single bout of high-intensity interval exercise and short-term interval training on interleukin-6, FNDC5, and METRNL mRNA expression in human skeletal muscle

Background: Exercise promotes numerous phenotypic adaptations in skeletal muscle that contribute to improved function and metabolic capacity. An emerging body of evidence suggests that skeletal muscle also releases a myriad of factors during exercise, termed "myokines". The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of high-intensity interval training(HIIT) on the acute regulation of the mRNA expression of several myokines, including the prototypical myokine interleukin-6(IL-6), and recently identified myokines fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5(FNDC5)(irisin) and meteorin-like protein(METRNL).Methods: Both before and after a 20-day period of twice-daily high-volume HIIT, 9 healthy males(20.5 ± 1.5 years performed a standardized bout of high-intensity interval exercise(HIIE; 5 × 4 min at ~80% pretraining peak power output) with skeletal muscle biopsy samples(vastus lateralis) obtained at rest, immediately following exercise, and at 3 h recovery.Results: Before training, a single bout of HIIE increased IL-6(p < 0.05) and METRNL(p < 0.05) mRNA expression measured at 3 h recovery when compared to rest. Following 20 days of HIIT, IL-6 and FNDC5 mRNA were increased at 3 h recovery from the standardized HIIE bout when compared to rest(both p < 0.05). Resting METRNL and FNDC5 mRNA expression were higher following training(p < 0.05), and there was an overall increase in FNDC5 mRNA post-training(main effect of training, p < 0.05).Conclusion: In human skeletal muscle(1) an acute bout of HIIE can induce upregulation of skeletal muscle IL-6 mRNA both before and after a period of intensified HIIT;(2) Resting and overall FNDC5 mRNA expression is increased by 20 days of HIIT; and(3) METRNL mRNA expression is responsive to both acute HIIE and short-term intense HIIT. Future studies are needed to confirm these findings at the protein and secretion level in humans.

Effects of the Dietary Probiotic Clostridium butyricum on Intestine Digestive and Metabolic Capacities, SCFA Content and Body Composition in Marsupenaeus japonicus

A 56-day feeding trial was performed to evaluate the effects of dietary probiotic Clostridium butyricum(CB) on intestine digestive and metabolic capacities, intestine short-chain fatty acids(SCFA) content and body composition of kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus. Shrimp s were randomly allocated into 9 tanks, 30 each, and f ed with diets containing different levels of C. butyricum(1×10~9 cfug^(-1)): 0 mgg^(-1) feed(Control), 100 mgg^(-1) feed(CB-100), 200 mgg^(-1) feed(CB-200), while each level was triplicated. The results indicated that compared with the control group, the intestine pepsin(Pep) activity and 5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT) concentration of two C. butyricum group s were both increased. Amylase(AM Y) and lipase(LPS) activities wer e only induced in CB-200 group. Alanine aminotransferase(ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase(A ST) activities of two C. butyricum group s showed no significant change. The α-amylase(AM Y) gene expression was induced in CB-200 group, and tryp sin gene expression of two C. butyricum treated group s were both induced. Intestine SCFA content and body composition analysis showed that the contents of propionic acid, butyric acid and the crude protein of two C. butyricum group s were all higher than those of control. These results revealed that C. butyricum can modulate intestine digestive and metabolic capacities, improve intestine SCFA content and body crude protein content in M. japonicus.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-A multisystem disease?

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) is one of the most common comorbidities associated with overweight and metabolic syndrome(Met S). Importantly, NAFLD is one of its most dangerous complications because it can lead to severe liver pathologies, including fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatic cellular carcinoma. Given the increasing worldwide prevalence of obesity, NAFLD has become the most common cause of chronic liver disease and therefore is a major global health problem. Currently, NAFLD is predominantly regarded as a hepatic manifestation of Met S. However, accumulating evidence indicates that the effects of NAFLD extend beyond the liver and are negatively associated with a range of chronic diseases, most notably cardiovascular disease(CVD), diabetes mellitus type 2(T2DM) and chronic kidney disease(CKD). It is becoming increasingly clear that these diseases are the result of the same underlying pathophysiological processes associated with Met S, such as insulin resistance, chronic systemic inflammation and dyslipidemia. As a result, they have been shown to be independent reciprocal risk factors. In addition, recent data have shown that NAFLD actively contributes to aggravation of the pathophysiology of CVD, T2 DM, and CKD, as well as several other pathologies. Thus, NAFLD is a direct cause of many chronic diseases associated with MetS, and better detection and treatment of fatty liver disease is therefore urgently needed. As non-invasive screening methods for liver disease become increasingly available, detection and treatment of NAFLD in patients with MetS should therefore be considered by both(sub-) specialists and primary care physicians.

Gastric xanthelasma and metabolic disorders: A large retrospective study among Chinese population

AIM To gain knowledge of xanthelasma,a large populationbased study was conducted. METHODS Patients who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy at the First Affiliated Hospital,College of Medicine,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou,China during Jan 2009 to Nov 2016 were included. General characteristics as well as clinical data were collected,including blood routine,serum biochemical analysis,endoscopic findinds,histological evaluation and comorbiditie. Statistical analyses was performed using SPSS 20.0 software for Windows(IBM Inc.,Chicago,IL,United States) using Student's t-test,Mann-Whitney U test,χ2 test,univariable and multivariable logistic analysis. 2-tailed P value less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. RESULTS A total of 176006 endoscopies were retrieved and we included 1370 xanthelasma participants(703 men,667 women) in this study. Prevalence of xanthelasma was 0.78% with average age of 56.6 ± 11.2 years. Chief complaint of xanthelasma consisted abdominal pain (24.2%),up-abdominal discomfort(14.1%),abdominal distention(10.1%),dyspepsia(9.1%),et al. Most xanthelasma occurred as single lesion in gastric antrum. Xanthelasma patients witnessed higher Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) infection rate,more of other gastric lesions including atrophy,intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia(P < 0.01). In xanthelasma patients,serum carcinoembryonic antigen,triglyceride,fasting glucose,neutrophil,neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio were significantly higher,and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol,lymphocyte was lower(P < 0.05). Xanthelasma accompanied with more fatty liver disease and hepatic cyst,but fewer gallbladder polyp(P < 0.05). In logistic regression,it revealed that fasting plasma glucose(OR = 3.347,1.170-9.575,P < 0.05),neutrophil(OR = 1.617,1.003-2.605,P < 0.05),and carcinoembryonic antigen(OR = 2.011,1.236-3.271,P < 0.01) were all independent risk factors in xanthelasma. CONCLUSION Current study described a large xanthelasma cohort in Chinese population,revealed its relationship with H. pylori infection,carcinogenesis,metabolic dysfunction and inflammation as well.

Photosynthetic Characteristics and Antioxidative Metabolism of Flag Leaves in Responses to Nitrogen Application During Grain Filling of Field-Grown Wheat

A two-factorial experiment was conducted with two wheat cultivars, SN1391 （large spike and large grain） and GC8901 （multiple spike and medium grain）, and two nitrogen （N） application rates （12 and 24 g N m^-2）, to investigate the responses of photosynthetic characteristics and antioxidative metabolism to nitrogen rates in flag leaves of field-grown wheat during grain filling. The results showed that the content of N and chlorophyll （Chl） in wheat flag leaves decreased after anthesis and the net photosynthetic rate （Pn）, effective quantum yield of PS Ⅱ （Фps n）, efficiency of excitation capture by open PS Ⅱ reaction centers （Fv′/Fm′）, and photochemical quenching coefficient （qp） began to decrease at 14 days after anthesis. However, the maximal efficiency of PS Ⅱ photochemistry （Fv/Fm） decreased slightly until the late period of senescence and the nonphotochemical quenching coefficient （NPQ） increased during flag leaves＇ senescence, As a result, a conflict came into being between absorption and utilization to light energy in flag leaves during senescence, which might accelerate the senescence of flag leaves. Compared with GC8901, the lower plant population of SN1391 during grain filling was helpful to maintain the higher content of photosynthetic pigment, activity of PS II, and Pn in flag leaves during senescence, The delayed decrease in antioxidative enzyme activity and the lower degree of membrane lipid peroxidation in the senescing leaves of SN1391 were beneficial to protect the photosynthetic apparatus, which lead to the prolonged duration of CO2 assimilation. With the increase of N application, the Chl content of SN1391 flag leaves and the efficiency of excitation captured by open PS Ⅱ centers increased. At the same time, the thermal dissipation in SN1391 flag leaves at high N （HN） treatment decreased and Фps Ⅱ improved greatly, which were favorable to the increase of Pn. The SOD, POD, CAT and APX activities in the flag leaves of SN1391 increased markedly at HN treatment, indicating that these enzymes could clean more active oxygen and decrease the degree of membrane lipid peroxidation. In this way, the ability of SN1391 to protect photosynthetic apparatus was improved with the increase of N. In the HN treatment, the decreased activity of PS Ⅱ and increased thermal dissipation resulted in the decline of Pn in flag leaves of GC8901. Meanwhile, the decreased antioxidative enzyme activities and the increased degree of membrane lipid peroxidation had indirect and unfavorable influences on CO2 assimilation. This implied that the conflict between absorption and utilization to energy in senescing leaves was an important reason which induced and accelerated the senescence of wheat leaves in the field. The photosynthetic characteristics and antioxidative metabolism of flag leaves during grain filling were markedly different among wheat cultivars. The effects of nitrogen rate on the photosynthetic and senescent characteristics of flag leaves also varied with wheat cultivars.

Serum Bcl-2 concentrations in overweight-obese subjects with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

AIM： To shed some light on the relationship between anti-apoptotic serum Bcl-2 concentrations and metabolic status, anthropometric parameters, inflammation indi- ces, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease severity were investigated in 43 young individuals with fatty liver （FL） and 41 with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis （NASH）. METHODS： Circulating levels of Bcl-2 were detected in 84 patients with ultrasonographic findings of ＂bright liver＂ and/or hyper-transaminasemia of unknown origin and/or increase in T-glutamyl-transpeptidase （T-GT） strictly in the absence of other acute or chronic liver disease, whose age was not advanced, who gave consent to liver biopsy and were then divided on the basis of the histological results into two groups （43 with FL and 41 with NASH）. Twenty lean subjects, apparently healthy and young, were chosen as controls.RESULTS： Serum Bcl-2 concentrations were significantly higher in the FL group than in the NASH group. Insulin resistance and γ-GT activity were significantly higher in NASH subjects. Apoptotic hepatocytes were significantly more numerous in NASH patients. NASH patients presented with larger spleens and augmented C-reactive protein （CRP） concentrations than healthy subjects. Steatosis grade at histology was similar in both NASH and FL populations. The number of apoptotic cells was significantly related to anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein values in FL patients. Bcl-2 serum levels positively correlated to body mass index （BMI） values （P ~ 0.0001） but not to age of the population. Triglycerides/HDL ratio correlated well to waist circumference in males （P = 0.0008）. γ-GT activity was associated with homeostatic metabolic assessment （HOMA） （P = 0.0003） and with serum ferritin （P = 0.02）. Bcl-2 concentrations were not related to either spleen size or CRP values. NASH patients pre- sented a weak negative correlation between Iobular inflammation and Bcl-2 levels. A prediction by low values of serum Bcl-2 towards a greater presence of metabolically unhealthy overweight/obese patients （MUOs） was evidenced. HOMA, BMI and uric acid, in that sequence, best predicted serum Bcl-2 concentrations. CONCLUSION： IvlUOs could be detected by Bcl-2 levels. By favoring the life span of hepatocytes, and enhancing triglyceride formation, the anti-apoptotic process inhibits free fatty acids toxicity in FL.

Effect of a counseling-supported treatment with the Mediterranean diet and physical activity on the severity of the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

AIM To determine the clinical effectiveness of nutritional counseling on reduction of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) severity, weight loss, metabolic and anthropometric indexes and liver enzymes.METHODS Forty-six adults with NAFLD received a 6-mo clinical and a dietary intervention(based on Mediterranean diet) carried out respectively by a gastroenterologist and a nutritionist with counseling license. The counseling process consisted of monthly meeting(about 45 min each). The effect of the treatment was evaluated monitoring liver enzymes, metabolic parameters, cardiovascular risk indexes, NAFLD severity [assessed by ultrasound(US)] and related indexes. All parameters were assessed at baseline. Biochemistry was also assessed at mid-and end-interventions and US was repeated at end-intervention.RESULTS The percentage of patients with steatosis grade equal or higher than 2 was reduced from 93% to 48% and steatosis regressed in 9 patients(20%). At the end of the treatment the end-point concerning the weight(i.e., a 7% weight reduction or achievement/maintenance of normal weight) was accomplished by 25 out of 46 patients(i.e., 54.3%). As far as the liver enzymes is concerned, all three liver enzymes significantly decrease during the treatment the normalization was particularly evident for the ALT enzyme(altered values reduced from 67% down to 11%). Several parameters, i.e., BMI, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, AST, ALT, GGT, HDL, serum glucose, Tot-Chol/HDL, LDL/HDL, TG/HDL, AIP, HOMA, FLI, Kotronen index, VAI, NAFLD liver fat score and LAP, showed a significant improvement(P < 0.01) between baseline and end-treatment.CONCLUSION Outcomes of this study further strengthen the hypothesis that Med Diet and more active lifestyle can be considered a safe therapeutic approach for reducing risk and severity of NAFLD and related disease states. The proposed approach may be proposed as a valid and recommended approach for improving the clinical profile of NAFLD patients.

Metabolic syndrome is associated with erosive esophagitis

AIM： To clarify whether insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome are risk factors for erosive esophagitis.METHODS： A case-control study was performed using the database of the Kangbuk Samsung Hospital Medical Screening Center.RESULTS： A total of 1679 cases of erosive esophagitis and 3358 randomly selected controls were included. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed in 21% of the cases and 12% of the controls （P 〈 0.001）. Multiple logistic regressions confirmed the association between erosive esophagitis and metabolic syndrome （Odds ratio, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.04-1.49）. Among the components of metabolic syndrome, increased waist circumference, elevated serum triglyceride levels and hypertension were significant risk factors for erosive esophagitis （all P 〈 0.01）. Furthermore, increased insulin resistance （Odds ratio, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.85-0.98） and fatty liver, as diagnosed by ultrasonography （odds ratio, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.20-1.60）, were also related to erosive esophagitis even afl：er adjustment for a series of confounding factors.CONCLUSION： Metabolic syndrome and increased insulin resistance are associated with an increased risk of developing erosive esophagitis.