基于“治未病”理论的经方方剂结构分析

张仲景《金匮要略》记载了"治未病"理论,将其由一个预防医学概念发展为一个临床诊疗思路,并广泛用于临床指导杂病诊治及临证组方。文章中提出"已未分治结构"这一全新的方剂结构用于阐释经方的结构,并认为该结构是经方的基本组方思路。该理论的运用有利于深入研究张仲景杂病诊治体系。

基于方元的《伤寒论》用药规律研究

目的:方元被定义为组成《伤寒论》中方剂有规律可循的最小方剂单元,既体现了方剂的组方特色,又便于临床灵活化裁。本研究拟通过数据挖掘方法,从方元的角度分析《伤寒论》的用药规律。方法:本研究运用R语言计算不同方剂之间Jaccard相似系数及不同中药之间的关联规则,并使用网络社团结构分析,进行《伤寒论》中方元的识别。结果:《伤寒论》中所有方剂的相似性明显高于《方剂学》教材中方剂的相似性,表明方剂中存在更小的方剂单元。关联规则及社团分析能够识别方元,如2味药方元石膏-甘草、桂枝-当归、栀子-香豉等,以及3味药方元干姜-黄连-人参、当归-细辛-通草、麻黄-桂枝-杏仁等。结论:《伤寒论》中存在2味或3味药构成的方元,未来需要对这些方元进行临床或实验上的验证,以明确方元的功效,指导临床应用。

秦汉时期方剂学理论发展成就

方剂经过先秦两汉时期的广泛实践应用,理论内容逐步产生形成。秦汉时期《内经》、《神农本草经》、《汉书》等著作对方剂理论进行了总结探讨,该时期产生的方剂理论主要包括:治法理论、方剂结构理论、配伍理论和剂型理论。秦汉时期的方剂理论并不完备,但它是后世方剂学发展的基础。

六味地黄丸组方机理新解

六味地黄丸以"地黄"作为方名,同时熟地黄在方中用量最重,因此历代医家均认为熟地黄为方中君药。但是对于臣药、佐药、使药历代医家有不同看法:山茱萸、山药为臣药,茯苓、牡丹皮为佐药,泽泻为使药;山药、山茱萸为佐药,茯苓、牡丹皮、泽泻为使药。本文还探讨了六味地黄丸中多种药物配伍关系:熟地黄与山茱萸;熟地黄与泽泻;熟地黄与牡丹皮;茯苓与泽泻;山茱萸与牡丹皮;山药与山茱萸的配伍机理。

基于数学属性偏序表示原理的《伤寒论》甘草方剂配伍量效群结构知识发现

目的:基于属性偏序表示原理的药物方剂配伍量效群结构图,发现《伤寒论》甘草方药量效关系的相关知识。方法:收集《伤寒论》甘草相关的方剂及条文,进行规范化表达,建立数据库,构建甘草方剂配伍量效群结构图,并从图中进行模式发现,从而整理和研究《伤寒论》甘草方药量效关系的科学内涵。结果:从总述和分述的甘草方剂配伍量效群结构图中,能系统、全面、多层次地展示甘草的方药量效规律。结论:基于数学属性偏序表示原理的群结构知识发现方法能够在已知的中医文献中挖掘对方药量效关系研究有价值的知识,为其规范化、系统化、科学化、现代化传承和拓展提供可鉴之法。

Effect of preparation methods on the structure and catalytic performance of Fe–Zn/K catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation to light olefins

Potassium promoted iron–zinc catalysts prepared by co-precipitation method(C–Fe–Zn/K),solvothermal method(S–Fe–Zn/K)and hydrothermal method(H–Fe–Zn/K)could selectively convert CO_2to light olefins,respectively.The physicochemical properties of the obtained catalysts were determined by SEM,N_2physisorption,XRD,H_2-TPR,CO_2-TPD and XPS measurements.The results demonstrated that preparation methods had great influences on the morphology,phase structures,reduction and adsorption behavior,and hence the catalytic performance of the catalysts.The samples prepared by hydrothermal and co-precipitation method generated small uniform particles and led to lower specific surface area.In contrast,microspheres with larger specific surface area were formed by self-assembly of nanosheets using solvothermal method.ZnFe_2O_4was the only detectable phase in the fresh C–2Fe–1Zn/K,S–3Fe–1Zn/K and S–2Fe–1Zn/K samples.ZnFe_2O_4and ZnO co-existed with increasing Zncontent in S–1Fe–1Zn/K sample,while ZnO and Fe_2O_3could be observed over H–2Fe–1Zn/K sample.All the used samples contained Fe_3O_4,ZnO and Fe_5C_2.The peak intensity of ZnO was strong in the AR-H–2Fe–1Zn/K sample while it was the lowest in the AR-C–2Fe–1Zn/K sample after reaction.The formation of ZnFe_2O_4increased the interaction between iron and zinc for C–2Fe–1Zn/K and S–Fe–Zn/K samples,causing easier reduction of Fe_2O_3to Fe_3O_4.The surface basicity of the sample prepared by co-precipitation method was much more than that of the other two methods.During CO_2hydrogenation,all the catalysts showed good activity and olefin selectivity.The CO selectivity was increased with increasing Zncontent over S–Fe–Zn/K samples.H–2Fe–1Zn/K catalyst preferred to the production of C_5^+hydrocarbons.CO_2conversion of 54.76%and C_2~=–C_4~=contents of 57.38%were obtained on C–2Fe–1Zn/K sample,respectively.

High-quality and deeply excavated PtPdNi nanocubes as efficient catalysts toward oxygen reduction reaction

The oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)on the cathode of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell requires the use of a catalyst based on Pt,one of the most expensive metals on the earth.A number of strategies,including optimization of a different metal into the core,have been investigated to enhance the activity of a Pt-based catalyst and thus reduce the loading of Pt.By dedicating to compounding high catalytic activity Pt_(2.7)Pd_(0.3)Ni concave cubic with high index crystal face,the paper shows that concave structures can offer more active site and high level of catalytic activity and if mixed with other metal,decrease the proportion of Pt and improve its mass activity.The paper also makes an exploration into the theory and conditions behind the formation of Pt_(2.7)Pd_(0.3)Ni concave cubic structure,and investigates the difference it demonstrates by modifying the reactive conditions.The results of the oxygen reduction performance of the electrochemical test are as follows:the concave cube-shaped Pt-Pd-Ni catalyst has a mass activity of 1.28 A mg_(Pt)^(–1) at 0.9 V,its highest mass activity is 8.20 times that of commercial Pt/C,and its specific activity is 8.68 times of that commercial Pt/C.And the Pt-Pd-Ni ternary nanocage has excellent structural invariance.After the stability test,there is no obvious structural change and performance degradation in the nanostructure.

Temperature-controlled fabrication of Co-Fe-based nanoframes for efficient oxygen evolution

Transition metal phosphides(TMPs)have emerged as promising electrocatalysts to enhance the slow kinetic process of oxygen evolution reaction(OER).Framelike hollow nanostructures(nanoframes,NFs)provide the open structure with more accessible active sites and sufficient channels into the interior volume.Here,we report the fabrication of bimetallic Co-Fe phosphide NFs(Co-Fe-P NFs)via an intriguing temperature-controlled strategy for the preparation of precursors followed by phosphidation.The precursors,Co-Fe Prussian blue analogues(Co-Fe PBAs)are prepared by a precipitation method with Co^(2+)and[Fe(CN)_(6)]^(3−),which experience a structural conversion from nanocubes to NFs by increasing the aging temperature from 5 to 35℃.The experimental results indicate that this conversion is attributable to the preferentially epitaxial growth on the edges and corners of nanocubes,triggered by intramolecular electron transfer at an elevated aging temperature.The as-prepared Co-Fe-P NFs catalyst shows remarkable catalytic activity toward OER with a low overpotential of 276 mV to obtain a current density of 10 mA cm^(−2),which is superior to the reference samples(Co-Fe-P nanocubes)and most of the recently reported TMPs-based electrocatalysts.The synthetic strategy can be extended to fabricate Co-Fe dichalcogenide NFs,thereby holding a great promise for the broad applications in energy storage and conversion systems.

Study on Transition Metal Catalysts for Hydrogen Production from Coal Pyrolysis

In this paper,13 kinds of transition metals are studied as catalysts for the hydrogen production from coal pyrolysis, and relationships between the catalytic activity of a transition metal and its outer electron configuration,d% of transition metals and geometric configuration are summarized.Experimental results show that the same group of transition metals show good similarity for hydrogen production from coal pyrolysis;the d%of transition metals which have activity for hydrogen production from coal pyrolysis is between 40%-50%;all transition metals which have catalytic activity possess either a face-centered cubic or a hexagonal crystal structure.Therefore,it is important to choose a transition metal with an appropriate d%and crystal structure as the catalyst for hydrogen production from coal pyrolysis.