方北方小说与马来西亚华人的家国认同

本文主要探讨方北方小说在马来西亚华文文学本土化的过程中,对家国意识的转变。华人最初的意识是侨民心态,接着意识到本土化的重要性,国家独立后萌生爱国意识。方北方是马来西亚当代出色的华文作家,他的作品多以历史事实作为背景,穿插个人经历,反映出时代的面貌。方北方重要作品是"风云三部曲"和"激流三部曲"6部长篇小说中。"风云三步曲"以中国抗战为背景,"激流三部曲"则是他在马来(西)亚生活的实际经历的总结。方北方小说记录了华人在马来西亚开垦拓荒的功绩,他的小说也见证了马来(西)亚独立前后华人对家国认同的心理挣扎,与政治背景有着极大的关系。

方北方的文学本土转型及其限制

马华资深作家方北方从创作成绩、努力程度、道德高度等诸多层面来看,都是马华本土现实主义小说书写的代表性人物,他的文学本土化转型自有其重要价值,比如为马华大历史代言,反省华人的问题,也放眼未来,其"马来亚三部曲"从此角度看是其认同转型的代表性作品。其书写思想内容和提出的马华问题会继续成为后来者借鉴和重写的资源,但其限制也必须为后人所警醒。

“中国—我—新/马”——新马华文小说的三维研究

“中国—我—新马”的思维三角确立起来的是新马华族自我肯定的强烈意志。这个三维/ 空间在每个阶段的新马华文小说①里处于不断变化之中,凸现了新马华族逐渐走向独立的心路历程。20世纪年代后乡土写作的兴起,使新马华文小说得以超越这个三维空间的束缚,从本土走向了世界。

Mountain Effect and Differences in Storm Floods between Northern and Southern Sources of the Songhua River Basin

In this study, the differences in annual rainstorm changes in the Second Songhua River Basin and the Nenjiang River basin and their causes were compared from the perspective of mountain effects. The following results were drawn: (1) Altitude effect is the primary factor leading to increased rainstorms in the southern source; (2) Slope effect primarily leads to differences of the weather systems in the two sources, and thus cause the difference of the rainstorms; (3) Slope effect is responsible for the greater fluctuation in the observed floods in the southern source. These landform differences eventually lead to the differences in the characteristics of floods in the southern and northern sources. Commensurability method was used to identify the period of rainstorms in the southern and northern sources. The results showed that although rainstorms do not appear at the same time in the two sources they are characteristic of a 10 years' period in both areas. These results can serve as hydrological references for flood control and long-term flood disaster predictions.

An Estimation of Ground Ice Volumes in Permafrost Layers in North- eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China

The ground ice content in permafrost serves as one of the dominant properties of permafrost for the study of global climate change, ecology, hydrology and engineering construction in cold regions. This paper initially attempts to assess the ground ice volume in permafrost layers on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau by considering landform types, the corresponding lithological composition, and the measured water content in various regions. An approximation demonstrating the existence of many similarities in lithological composition and water content within a unified landform was established during the calculations. Considerable knowledge of the case study area, here called the Source Area of the Yellow(Huanghe) River(SAYR) in the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, has been accumulated related to permafrost and fresh water resources during the past 40 years. Considering the permafrost distribution, extent, spatial distribution of landform types, the ground ice volume at the depths of 3.0–10.0 m below the ground surface was estimated based on the data of 101 boreholes from field observations and geological surveys in different types of landforms in the permafrost region of the SAYR. The total ground ice volume in permafrost layers at the depths of 3.0–10.0 m was approximately(51.68 ± 18.81) km^3, and the ground ice volume per unit volume was(0.31 ± 0.11) m^3/m^3. In the horizontal direction, the ground ice content was higher in the landforms of lacustrine-marshland plains and alluvial-lacustrine plains, and the lower ground ice content was distributed in the erosional platforms and alluvial-proluvial plains. In the vertical direction, the volume of ground ice was relatively high in the top layers(especially near the permafrost table) and at the depths of 7.0–8.0 m. This calculation method will be used in the other areas when the necessary information is available, including landform type, borehole data, and measured water content.

The Characteristics of Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Activity with Severe Thunderstorm Wind in South and North China

The characteristics of cloud-to-ground(CG) lightning activity with severe thunderstorm wind(STW) in South and North China are analyzed using CG lightning data, radar data, and serious weather reports. The percentage of positive CG(PCG) flashes with STW in North China is larger than that in South China. STW takes place during the period when the total CG and PCG density is increasing fastest. STW also occurs close to the high-value center of CG and PCG density. In North China, the CG and PCG density in the grid of STW maximizes approximately 20 minutes after the STW occurs; while in South China, the PCG density and percentage of PCG in the grid of STW maximizes about 10 minutes before the occurrence of STW. The high-value centers of CG density and PCG density in North China move slightly faster than those in South China, which is opposite to the rate of increasing CG activity.

Molecular Characterization of Segments S7 to S10 of a Southern Rice Black-streaked Dwarf Virus Isolate from Maize in Northern China

Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV) is a novel Fijivirus prevalent in rice in southern and central China,and northern Vietnam. Its genome has 10 segments of double-stranded RNA named S1 to S10 according to their size. An isolate of SRBSDV,JNi4,was obtained from naturally infected maize plants from Ji'ning,Shandong province,in the 2008 maize season. Segments S7 to S10 of JNi4 share nucleotide identities of 72.6%-73.1%,72.3%-73%,73.9%-74.5% and 77.3%-79%,respectively,with corresponding segments of Rice black-streaked dwarf virus isolates,and identities of 99.7%,99.1%-99.7%,98.9%-99.5%,and 98.6%-99.2% with those of SRBSDV isolates HN and GD. JNi4 forms a separate branch with GD and HN in the phylogenetic trees constructed with genomic sequences of S7 to S10. These results confirm the proposed taxonomic status of SRBSDV as a distinct species of the genus Fijivirus and indicate that JNi4 is an isolate of SRBSDV. Shandong is so far the northernmost region where SRBSDV is found in China.

Effect of geojute technique on density,diversity and carbon stock of plant species in landslide site of North West Himalaya

Mountainous regions of the globe experience landslides due to heavy rainfall and unplanned construction on slopes. Geojute is adopted globally as a landslide rehabilitation measure, but its impact on natural vegetation development is poorly understood. The present study was conducted to examine the impact of geojute application on vegetation restoration, ecology and carbon stock in a recently occurred landslide, during 2012. The results revealed that the geojute application improved the richness, diversity, density and basal area of plant species at the landslide site. Likewise, biomass production, carbon stock and carbon sequestration of plant species was observed significantly higher in geojute treatments compared to control(without geojute treatment). Moreover, significant improvement in soil moisture was recorded beneath the geojute treatments. Further, results showed that the geojute is highly effective in controlling soil erosion at the landslide site. The findings of this study revealed ecological and environmental benefits of geojute application in term of improvement in vegetation recovery processes, species diversity and carbon sequestration at the landslide site. The scientific outcome of this study can be helpful for planning the rehabilitation measures in landslide affected regions of the globe.

The Eurozone： North and South 1999-2010 Some Thoughts About the Long Term Dynamic Forces in the EMU

Do Eurozone＇s countries converge or diverge over time？ In this paper, the issue of the Eurozone cohesion is analyzed, with emphasis on the North-South axis. The dynamics of 10 economic variables covered the general performance （GDP, consumption）, price environment （prices and interest rates）, both public and private financial variables and competitiveness （real effective exchange rates, unit labor costs etc.）. The complex analysis of the data indicates that whereas in the most of analyzed variables neither convergence nor divergence can be identified, in the all important competitiveness area the long term divergence between the North and the South of the Eurozone is undeniable. Unless addressed, this dynamics may constitute significant, and perhaps ultimate, threats to the Eurozone cohesion and perhaps to its existence.

Subclinical atherosclerosis in northern and southern China： the Chinese paradox

Background The incidence of coronary heart disease （CHD） is higher in Northern than that in Southern China, however differences in traditional CHD risk factors do not fully explain this. No study has examined the differences in subclinical atherosclerosis that may help explain the differences in incidence. This study examined these differences in subclinical atherosclerosis using coronary computed tomography （CT） for calcification between the Northern and Southern China. Methods We selected a random sample of participants in a large multi-center ongoing epidemiologic study for coronary calcium scanning in one northern city （North） （Beijing, n = 49） and in two southern cities （South） （Shanghai, n = 50, and Guangzhou, n = 50）. Participants from the three field centers （mean age 67 years） underwent coronary risk factor evaluation and cardiac CT scanning for coronary calcium measurement using the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis scanning protocol. Results Adjusted log-transformed coronary artery calcium score in North China （Beijing） was 3.1 ±0.4 and in South China （Shanghai and Guangzhou） was 2.2 ＋_ 0.3 （P = 0.04）. Mean calcium score for the northern city of Beijing was three times higher than that of the southern city of Guangzhou （P = 0.01） and 2.5 times higher than for the southern city of Shanghai （P = 0.03）. Conclusions The extent of subclinical atherosclerosis is significantly higher in the northern city of Beijing than that in the two southern cities of Guangzhou and Shanghai, even after adjusting for standard cardiac risk factors. This finding suggests that standard risk factors do not fully explain north south differences in clinical CHD incidence.

Constructing a Local Folk-belief Knowledge System： A Case Study on Xiangtou in Hebei Province, China

In many areas of North China, villagers are more concerned about the specific practice like ritual, rather than ideology when dealing with the relevant belief problems. Therefore, practice is far more important in the analysis of villagers＇ belief problems. In everyday life, villagers produce an entire set of local knowledge based on their needs and experience to life, and form various social relationships based on the shared knowledge. Narration and practice are not only the strategies that villagers often use to construct their local knowledge but also the leading ways to produce and inherit it. So it is indispensable to pay attention to the production ways and the practice, which concerning about the local belief knowledge, thus it may be better to understand their inner logic of participating the relevant ritual activities when we analyze xiangtou （香头） and kanxiang （看香） activities widely existed in rural areas of North China.

Combination of Daur Clothing Decorative Art and Modern Fashion Design

On today＇s clothes market and international fashion stage, the dress adornment elements of ethnic minorities have always deeply impressed design masters, received great attention and, are constantly surprising fashion designers. China is a country with multiple ethnic minorities, which have extremely rich ethnic minority dresses and adornment elements. On studying the major dress adornment elements of the Daur, a typical ethnic minority in northern China, we have discovered their strong ethnic features. The major dress adornment elements of the Daur were with the purpose to explore and continue traditions. Combining the modern faskion design with the delicate decorative art that the Daur people sew various laces and embroideries on their dresses, was to discover and use the essence of Chinese ethnic dress and adornments, and demonstrate the talent of ethnic minorities in clothes design. Given what have been founded, combined with the application of modern design methods, the adornment elements of ethnic dresses can represent their ethnic characteristics as well as reflecting the sense of the modern age.

On Shear Wave Splitting in the Zhangjiakou-Bohai Sea Seismic Belt

The Zhangjiakou-Bohai Sea seismic belt is an important seismic zone in North China. The direction of principal compressive stress is near EW in this region. According to digital seismic data from the Capital Region from September 2005 to September 2010,and using the SAM method,the spatial distribution of the crust anisotropy characteristics are studied and discussed in the middle-eastern part of the Zhangjiakou-Bohai Sea seismic belt. The principal polarization direction,which is near EW direction,is obvious in the middleeastern Zhangjiakou-Bohai Sea seismic belt. The spatial distribution of polarization direction crossing the Zhangjiakou-Bohai Sea seismic belt shows that there is little difference among the Yanshan uplift area,inside of the seismic zone and North China basin,and the principal polarization direction is near EW.

Formation time of the big mantle wedge beneath eastern China and a new lithospheric thinning mechanism of the North China craton—Geodynamic effects of deep recycled carbon

High-resolution P wave tomography shows that the subducting Pacific slab is stagnant in the mantle transition zone and forms a big mantle wedge beneath eastern China. The Mg isotopic investigation of large numbers of mantle-derived volcanic rocks from eastern China has revealed that carbonates carried by the subducted slab have been recycled into the upper mantle and formed carbonated peridotite overlying the mantle transition zone, which becomes the sources of various basalts. These basalts display light Mg isotopic compositions(δ26 Mg = –0.60‰ to –0.30‰) and relatively low87 Sr/86 Sr ratios(0.70314–0.70564) with ages ranging from 106 Ma to Quaternary, suggesting that their mantle source had been hybridized by recycled magnesite with minor dolomite and their initial melting occurred at 300-360 km in depth. Therefore, the carbonate metasomatism of their mantle source should have occurred at the depth larger than 360 km, which means that the subducted slab should be stagnant in the mantle transition zone forming the big mantle wedge before 106 Ma. This timing supports the rollback model of subducting slab to form the big mantle wedge. Based on high P-T experiment results, when carbonated silicate melts produced by partial melting of carbonated peridotite was raising and reached the bottom(180–120 km in depth) of cratonic lithosphere in North China, the carbonated silicate melts should have 25–18 wt% CO2 contents, with lower Si O2 and Al2 O3 contents, and higher Ca O/Al2 O3 values, similar to those of nephelinites and basanites, and have higher εNdvalues(2 to 6). The carbonatited silicate melts migrated upward and metasomatized the overlying lithospheric mantle, resulting in carbonated peridotite in the bottom of continental lithosphere beneath eastern China. As the craton lithospheric geotherm intersects the solidus of carbonated peridotite at 130 km in depth, the carbonated peridotite in the bottom of cratonic lithosphere should be partially melted, thus its physical characters are similar to the asthenosphere and it could be easily replaced by convective mantle. The newly formed carbonated silicate melts will migrate upward and metasomatize the overlying lithospheric mantle. Similarly, such metasomatism and partial melting processes repeat, and as a result the cratonic lithosphere in North China would be thinning and the carbonated silicate partial melts will be transformed to high-Si O2 alkali basalts with lower εNdvalues(to-2). As the lithospheric thinning goes on,initial melting depth of carbonated peridotite must decrease from 130 km to close 70 km, because the craton geotherm changed to approach oceanic lithosphere geotherm along with lithospheric thinning of the North China craton. Consequently, the interaction between carbonated silicate melt and cratonic lithosphere is a possible mechanism for lithosphere thinning of the North China craton during the late Cretaceous and Cenozoic. Based on the age statistics of low δ26 Mg basalts in eastern China, the lithospheric thinning processes caused by carbonated metasomatism and partial melting in eastern China are limited in a timespan from 106 to25 Ma, but increased quickly after 25 Ma. Therefore, there are two peak times for the lithospheric thinning of the North China craton: the first peak in 135-115 Ma simultaneously with the cratonic destruction, and the second peak caused by interaction between carbonated silicate melt and lithosphere mainly after 25 Ma. The later decreased the lithospheric thickness to about70 km in the eastern part of North China craton.

Upper mantle anisotropy in the Ordos Block and its margins

Based on the polarization analysis of teleseismic data,SKS (SKKS) fast-wave directions and delay times between fast and slow shear waves were determined for each of the 111 seismic stations from both permanent and temporary broadband seismograph networks deployed in the Ordos Block and its margins.Both the Silver and Chan and stacking analysis methods were used.In this way,an image of upper mantle anisotropy in the Ordos Block and its margins was acquired.In the western and northern margins of the Ordos Block,the fast-wave directions are consistently NW-SE.The fast-wave directions are mainly NWW-SEE and EW in the southern margin of the Ordos Block.In the eastern margin of the Ordos Block,the fast-wave directions are generally EW,although some run NEE-SWW or NWW-SEE.In the Ordos Block,the fast-wave directions trend near N-S in the north,but switch to near EW in the south.The delay time between fast and slow waves falls into the interval 0.48-1.50 s,and the average delay time at the stations in the Ordos Block is less than that in its margins.We suggest that the anisotropy of the stable Ordos Block is mainly caused by "fossil" anisotropy frozen in the ancient North China Craton.The NE-trending push of the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau has caused NW-SE-trending lithospheric extension in the western and northern margins of the Ordos Block,and made the upper mantle flow southeastwards.This in turn has resulted in the alignment of the upper mantle peridotite lattice with the direction of material deformation.In the southern margin of the Ordos Block,the collision between the North China and Yangtze blocks resulted in the fast-wave direction running parallel to the collision boundary and the Qinling Orogen.Combining this with the APM and velocity structure of the Qinling Orogen,we propose that eastward-directed asthenospheric-mantle channel flow may have occurred beneath the Qinling Orogen.In the eastern margin of the Ordos Block,the complex anisotropic characteristics of the Fenhe Graben and Taihang Orogen may be caused by the interaction of western Pacific Plate subduction,regional extensional tectonics,and the orogeny.For station YCI,the apparent splitting parameters (the fast-wave directions range from 45° to 106° and the delay times range from 0.6 to 1.5 s) exhibit systematic variations as a function of incoming polarization with a periodicity of π/2.This variation can be best explained by a two-layer anisotropic model (φlower=132°,δtlower=0.8 s,φupper=83°,δtupper=0.5 s).The upper layer anisotropy beneath station YCI can again be attributed to "fossil" anisotropy frozen in the ancient North China Craton.The lower layer anisotropy is affected by the tectonic activity of the western Ordos Block.The NW-SE trending extension caused by the NE trending push of the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau affected the deformation of the lower anisotropic layer beneath station YCI.By comparing the fast-wave directions with GPS velocity directions,we see that the crust and upper mantle possibly have vertically coherent deformation in the margins of the Ordos Block,whereas the internal deformation characteristics of the Ordos Block are complex and require further study.

Crustal azimuthal anisotropy in the trans-North China orogen and adjacent regions from receiver functions

The North China Craton(NCC) is an important part of eastern China. Recent studies have shown that the eastern NCC(ENCC) has undergone significant lithospheric thinning and destruction since the late Mesozoic. Destruction of the cratonic lithosphere is necessarily accompanied by crustal deformation. Therefore, a detailed crustal deformation model can provide basic observational constraints for understanding the process and mechanisms of the destruction of the NCC. In this study, we estimated the crustal azimuthal anisotropy beneath 198 broadband stations in the NCC with a joint analysis of Ps waves converted at the Moho from radial and transverse receiver function data. We also performed a harmonic analysis to test the reliability of the measured anisotropy. We obtained robust crustal azimuthal anisotropy beneath 23 stations that are mostly located on the western margin of the Bohai Bay Basin, Yin-Yan orogenic belt, and Taihang Mountains, which reflects the crustal deformation characteristics in those regions. The crustal shear wave splitting time was found to range from 0.05 s to 0.68 s, with an average value of 0.23 s, which reveals a distinct crustal anisotropy in the Trans-North China Orogen(TNCO) and its adjacent areas. Our analysis of the results suggests that the strong NW-SE tectonic extension in the late Mesozoic and Cenozoic played an important role in crustal anisotropy in this region. In addition, the E-W trending crustal anisotropy on the margin of the Bohai Bay Basin indicates an effect of the ENE-WSW trending horizontal principal compressive stress. The crustal anisotropy in the Yin-Yan orogenic belt may be an imprint of the multiple-phase shortening of a dominant N-S direction from the early-to-middle Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous. Stations in the Taihang Mountains show large splitting times and well-aligned NW-SE fast directions that correlate with those measured from SKS splitting and that are possibly related to the lithospheric modification and magmatic underplating from the Late Mesozoic to Cenozoic in this area.

Subduction and retreating of the western Pacific plate resulted in lithospheric mantle replacement and coupled basin-mountain respond in the North China Craton

The North China Craton(NCC) witnessed Mesozoic vigorous tectono-thermal activities and transition in the nature of deep lithosphere. These processes took place in three periods:(1) Late Paleozoic to Early Jurassic(~170 Ma);(2) Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous(160-140 Ma);(3) Early Cretaceous to Cenozoic(140 Ma to present). The last two stages saw the lithospheric mantle replacement and coupled basin-mountain response within the North China Craton due to subduction and retreating of the Paleo-Pacific plate, and is the emphasis in this paper. In the first period,the subduction and closure of the PaleoAsian Ocean triggered the back-arc extension, syn-collisional compression and then post-collisional extension accompanied by ubiquitous magmatism along the northern margin of the NCC. Similar processes happened in the southern margin of the craton as the subduction of the Paleo-Tethys ocean and collision with the South China Block. These processes had caused the chemical modification and mechanical destruction of the cratonic margins. The margins could serve as conduits for the asthenosphere upwelling and had the priority for magmatism and deformation. The second period saw the closure of the Mongol-Okhotsk ocean and the shear deformation and magmatism induced by the drifting of the Paleo-Pacific slab. The former led to two pulse of N-S trending compression(Episodes A and B of the Yanshan Movement) and thus the pre-existing continental marginal basins were disintegrated into sporadically basin and range pro vince by the Mesozoic magmatic plutons and NE-SW trending faults.With the anticlockwise rotation of the Paleo-Pacific moving direction, the subduction-related magmatism migrated into the inner part of the craton and the Tanlu fault became normal fault from a sinistral one. The NCC thus turned into a back-arc extension setting at the end of this period. In the third period, the refractory subcontinental lithospheric mantle(SCLM) was firstly remarkably eroded and thinned by the subduction-induced asthenospheric upwelling, especially those beneath the weakzones(i.e.,cratonic margins and the lithospheric Tanlu fault zone). Then a slightly lithospheric thickening occurred when the upwelled asthenosphere got cool and transformed to be lithospheric mantle accreted(~125 Ma) beneath the thinned SCLM. Besides, the magmatism continuously moved southeastward and the extensional deformations preferentially developed in weak zones, which include the Early Cenozoic normal fault transformed from the Jurassic thrust in the Trans-North Orogenic Belt, the crustal detachment and the subsidence of Bohai basin caused by the continuous normal strike slip of the Tanlu fault, the Cenozoic graben basins originated from the fault depression in the Trans-North Orogenic Belt, the Bohai Basin and the Sulu Orogenic belt. With small block size, inner lithospheric weak zones and the surrounding subductions/collisions, the Mesozoic NCC was characterized by(1) lithospheric thinning and crustal detachment triggered by the subduction-induced asthenospheric upwelling.Local crustal contraction and orogenesis appeared in the Trans-North Orogenic Belt coupled with the crustal detachment;(2)then upwelled asthenosphere got cool to be newly-accreted lithospheric mantle and crustal grabens and basin subsidence happened, as a result of the subduction zone retreating. Therefore, the subduction and retreating of the western Pacific plate is the outside dynamics which resulted in mantle replacement and coupled basin-mountain respond within the North China Craton. We consider that the Mesozoic decratonization of the North China Craton,or the Yanshan Movement, is a comprehensive consequence of complex geological processes proceeding surrounding and within craton, involving both the deep lithospheric mantle and shallow continental crust.

Stature of Han Chinese dialect groups:a most recent survey

The height of 26,940 Chinese Han adults （16,503 rural and 10,437 urban adults） from 11 Han ethnic groups was measured and analyzed in the current survey. The top three highest dialect groups in rural Han populations are Jianghuai （male 167.3± 6.4 cm, female 156.5 ±5.6 cm）, North China （male 167.3 ± 6.4 cm, female 155.7± 5.7 cm）, and Wu （male 166.7 ± 6.9 cm, female 155.6 ± 5.9 cm） groups. In urban Han populations, the top three groups are as follows： the Northeast China （male 169.5 ±6.7 cm, female 158.0 ±6.1 cm）, North China （male 168.5 ± 6.2 cm, female 157.3±5.8 cm）, and Jianghuai （male 169.2 ± 6.2cm, female 157.1 ± 5.6 cm） dialect groups. The Gan dialect group （male 164.0 ± 6.3 cm, female 153.9±5.0 cm） was the shortest in both rural and urban groups. The different stature of Han dialect groups may be a result of interaction between genetic background and different environmental factors, labor intensity, diet composition and nutrition intake in different areas in China.