唐代拍板、箜篌、方响在五代的流变——以冯晖墓彩绘砖雕为例

种类繁多的中外乐器是唐代乐舞繁荣发展的重要组成部分,对后世影响甚为久远,尤其对五代影响更为直接。陕西地区出土的后周冯晖墓彩绘砖雕乐舞图中拍板、方响、箜篌3种乐器图像,是中国传统乐器、外来乐器从唐到五代的流变再现,其发展轨迹与当时社会变迁相互映衬。这3种乐器不仅是唐代乐舞的重要组成,也是上承唐韵、下启宋风中极为重要的中间环节,其史学价值、艺术价值不言而喻。

敦煌壁画中的古乐器——方响

方响,是我国古代众多乐器中的一种,出自距今一千四百多年的北周(公元557——580年),后为隋唐燕乐常用的乐器之一。方响通常由十六枚厚薄不等、上圆下方型铁块(音板)根据音高顺序排列而成,演奏时用小铁槌或木槌敲击发音。由于方响只限于宫廷典庆礼仪及宴会中使用,加上这种乐器定音制作比较困难,所以未能得到广泛流传,实物也没有保存下来。但令人欣慰的是,在敦煌石窟201等窟壁画伎乐图中可见到此乐器。近年来我国学者和专家们经过努力,已研制成功了方响乐器并由上海民族乐团进行了试奏,音色甚佳,效果令人满意。尤其在合奏中,方响以其独特的音色给整个乐队增添了极为丰富的音响色彩和音乐厚度。

方响起源考

方响以其独特的乐器特质在中国古代乐器史上留下了不可磨灭的印记,它是"古代宫廷音乐中唯一可以演奏曲调的铁制乐器",唐宋时期在宫廷与民间得到广泛的应用,明清时期仍出现在宫廷宴飨仪式音乐中,至19世纪末才逐渐淡出人们的视野。以方响的起源问题探讨为先决,尝试对目前学界尚存争议的三个方响起源问题,包括起源时间、是中原乐器还是传入乐器以及与"金石之乐"的关系进行梳理、考证与阐释,以期厘清乐器方响的源流及其文化属性。

方响乐器形态研究

方响,是中国古代编悬类的打击乐器,属敲击类体鸣乐器。它兴于魏晋南北朝时期,唐宋时期在宫廷与民间得到广泛的应用,明清时期仍出现在宫廷宴飨仪式音乐中,至19世纪末才逐渐淡出人们的视野。纵观方响从产生到衰微的漫长历程,其材质经历了由铜制到铁制再到钢制的变迁,其形制亦随时代更替而发生变化。本文从方响的称谓、形制与构造、分类、音列及谱式等方面对其乐器形态进行梳理,以期通过对方响形态的基础性研究,呈现方响历史的存在方式。

方响与宋词演唱

方响作为汉民族传统击奏乐器,以其独特艺术魅力在宋代社会生活中风靡一时。在宋代教坊中,方响取代了钟磬的位置,并作为律准乐器使用。方响作为宋词演唱的伴奏乐器,是宋词音乐传播的乐器载体。在朝廷与官署大合乐中词的演唱,方响作为领奏与合奏乐器;在市井俗乐中词的演唱,方响作为歌妓小唱的伴奏乐器。方响丰富了宋人音乐生活,在诗词意境营造中拥有独特的审美空间。探究方响在宋词歌唱艺术中的应用,有助于还原宋词产生的文化生态,深化对词体作为音乐文学的认知。

乾隆方響

故宫博物院珍藏着一件清乾隆时的方响,它由十六枚长方形的铁片组成,按上格八片下格八片排列悬垂,用绳子系于架上。每片形状大小相同,长23.3厘米,宽5.4厘米,但厚薄有差别。方响,是古代乐器中常用的一种打击乐器,始于南北朝的梁氏,见于敦煌隋代和唐代的壁画中。这种乐器隋唐时期用于燕乐,后世用于宫廷雅乐。在唐诗中常见到对方响的描述,如唐代著名诗人杜牧曾写道: 数条秋水掛琅玕,玉手丁当怕夜寒。曲尽连敲三五下,恐惊珠泪落金盘。对方响形状的具体描写,《旧唐书·音乐志》中有记载:“方响,以铁为之,修八寸,广二寸,圆上方下。

中国改良民族打击乐器

对半个多世纪以来我国民族打击乐器的改良成果进行了介绍。

Response surface optimization of process parameters for reduction roasting of low-grade pyrolusite by bagasse

The reduction roasting processes for low-grade pyrolusite using bagasse as the reducing agent was statistically analyzed. The central composite rotatable design （CCD） was used to optimize this reduction roasting processes. The three process parameters studied were the mass ratio of bagasse to ore, the roasting temperature and the roasting time. Analysis of variance （ANOVA） was used to analyze the experimental results. The interactions between the process parameters were done by using the linear and quadratic model. The results revealed that the linear and quadratic effects as well as the interaction are statistically significant for the mass ratio and roasting temperature but insignificant for the roasting time. The optimal conditions of 0.9：10 of mass ratio, the roasting temperature of 450 ~C, the roasting time of 30 min were obtained. Under these conditions, the predicted leaching recovery rate for manganese was 98.1%. And the satisfied experimental result of 98.2% confirmed the validity of the model.

Study on the Removal of Carbendazim Residues by Combination of Ca(ClO)_2 and O_3

[Objective] The research aimed to investigate the influences of each factor in the combination of Ca（ClO）2 and O3 on removing carbendazim residues from kumquat. [Method] By using Box-Behnken response surface methodology （RSM）, the effects of initial concentration of carbendazim, soaked time of Ca（ClO）2 solution, soaked time of ozone water and Ca（ClO）2 concentration on removing carbendazim residues from kumquat were studied. [Result] In the test range, the effects of each factor on removing carbendazim residues from kumquat were soaked time of ozone water, soaked time of Ca（ClO）2 solution, initial residual amount of carbendazim and concentration of Ca（ClO）2 solution in turn. By fitting the experimental result, the quadratic polynomial model of relationship between residual amount of carbendazim and the above each factor was obtained. The verified experimental result showed that the model had high precision. [Conclusion] The model could be used to guide using the appropriate soaked time of Ca（ClO）2 solution, soaked time of ozone water and Ca（ClO）2 concentration under the certain initial concentration and residue limits of carbendazim, which guaranteed obtaining the expected residue limits of carbendazim.

Dynamic response of multi-scale structure in flexible pavement to moving load

In order to study the dynamic responses in the microstructures of the pavement structure, the multi-scale modeling subjected to moving load is analyzed using the discrete element method （DEM）. The macro-scale discrete element model of the flexible pavement structure is established. The stress and strain at the bottom of the asphalt concrete layer under moving load are calculated. The DEM model is validated through comparison between DEM predictions and the results from the classical program. Based on the validated macro-scale DEM model, the distribution and the volumetric fraction of coarse aggregate, mastics and air voids at the bottom of the asphalt layer are modeled, and then the multi-scale model is constructed. The dynamic response in the microstructures of the multi-scale model are calculated and compared with the results from the macro model. The influence of mastic stiffness on the distribution of dynamic response in the microstructures is also analyzed. Results show that the average values and the variation coefficient of the tensile stress at the aggregate-mastic interface are far more than those within the mastics. The dynamic response including stress and strain distributes non-uniformly in both mastics and the interface. An increase in mastic stiffness tends to a uniform distribution of tensile stress in asphalt concrete.

INTEGRATION SHAPE AND SIZING OPTIMIZATION OF COMPOSITE WING STRUCTURE BASED ON RESPONSE SURFACE METHOD

An effective optimization method for the shape/sizing design of composite wing structures is presented with satisfying weight-cutting results. After decoupling, a kind of two-layer cycled optimization strategy suitable for these integrated shape/sizing optimization is obtained. The uniform design method is used to provide sample points, and approximation models for shape design variables. And the results of sizing optimization are construct- ed with the quadratic response surface method （QRSM）. The complex method based on QRSM is used to opti- mize the shape design variables and the criteria method is adopted to optimize the sizing design variables. Compared with the conventional method, the proposed algorithm is more effective and feasible for solving complex composite optimization problems and has good efficiency in weight cutting.

Influence of Fruit Tree Types and Arrangements on Yield, Quality and Economic Returns of Cotton of Intercropping System in Southern Xinjiang

[Objective] The aim was to provide a theoretical basis for stable and highly effective intercropping arrangements and scientific management measures by selecting apple, pear, peach, apricot, walnut, jujube and other fruit trees to study their influence on yield, fiber quality and economic returns of intercropped cotton in southern Xinjiang. [Method] Based on major cropping pattern in production, randomized block design was adopted to explore growth indicators, canopy micrometeorological indicators, yield and fiber quality in key growth stage. [Result] Shading has a significant effect on cotton canopy micro-environment and canopy diameter is proportional to shading effect. According to comparisons of the same tree type, the change of canopy micro-environment was as follows： under canopyouter canopymiddle points and peachpearapplewalnutjujube for comparisons among different tree types. Canopy diameter is directly proportional to the number of tree branch and boll weight reductions and shading is the main cause of yield reduction. The canopy expansion is the major cause of decline of light intensity, temperature and humidity of cotton canopy. [Conclusion] Fruit trees, which will promote cotton yield,quality and canopy-environment, are as follows： jujube walnut apple pear peach trees. In practice, trees, which are small in canopy or well trimmed, are popular in production, such as jujube trees, to improve cotton yield and fiber quality.

Microthermokinetic study of xanthate adsorption on impurity-doped galena

Six kinds of galena with different impurities were synthesized and the effects of impurities on the floatability of galena were investigated. The thermodynamic and kinetic parameters on the galena surface were measured using microcalorimetry, and the adsorption configuration and energy of butyl xanthate on the surfaces of galena with different impurities were simulated by density functional theory. Flotation experiments showed that Ag and Bi significantly promoted the recovery of galena, while Zn, Sb, Mn, and Cu reduced the recovery of the flotation. Microthermokinetic results indicated that the absolute value of xanthate adsorption heat was directly proportional to the flotation recovery of galena. Adsorption heat and reaction rate coefficients of xanthate on galena containing Ag or Bi were larger than those on pure galena, but smaller on galena containing Cu or Sb. Additionally, the relationship between the heat of unsaturated adsorption of xanthate and the adsorption energy of impurity atom on galena surface was investigated.

Landscape Design Methods of Urban Sponge Park

Urban rain-caused floods can not be well resolved with rising urban problem. Hence, construction of sponge park is born at the right moment. The research reviewed the concept, content and value of sponge parks and proposed theory and principle of landscape design in order to seek the method of landscape design of sponge parks, improve urban eco-environment and advance harmony development between human and nature.

Effects of Six Cultivation Patterns on Occurrence of Major Diseases and Pests and Yield of Rice

The occurrence rules of major diseases and pests in rice were investigated under six cultivation patterns, i.e., mechanical plowing-artificial transplanting, mechanical plowing-mechanical transplanting, mechanical plowing-scattered transplanting,cattle plowing-artificial transplanting, cattle plowing-mechanical transplanting and cattle plowing-scattered transplanting. The results showed that the six cultivation patterns showed small effects on the occurrence of rice sheath blight, second-generation rice planthopper, rice stem borer and rice false smut, but showed great effects on the occurrence of rice leaf folder, third-and fourth-generation rice planthopper and weeds; there were certain differences in the rice yield among different cultivation patterns, and the rice yield under the pattern of mechanical plowing-mechanical transplanting ranked first, while that under the pattern of cattle plowing-scattered transplanting ranked last.

Infrared thermography for prediction of spontaneous combustion of sulfide ores

The method of infrared thermography to predict the temperature of the sulfide ores has a large error. To solve this problem, the temperature of the sulfide ores is measured by thermal infrared imager and recording thermometric instrument contrastively. The main factors, including emissivity, distance, angle and dust concentration that affect the temperature measurement precision, are analyzed. The regression equations about the individual factors and comprehensive factors are obtained by analyzing test data. The application of the regression equations improves the precision of the thermal infrared imager. The geometric information lost in traditional infrared thermometry is determined by visualization grid method and interpolation method, the relationship between the infrared imager and geometry information is established. The geometry location can be measured exactly.

Optimization of Supercritical Carbon dioxide Extraction of Ginger Essential Oil by Response Surface Method

[Objective] Ginger essential oil （GEO） is widely used in food production and medical field in recent years due to its prominent biological functions, and this study was conducted to obtain high-quality and high-purity ginger essential oil from the fresh ginger. [Method] GEO was extracted from ginger roots by supercritical fluid extraction （SFE） method. The effects of flow rate of CO2, mesh size of ginger powder and volume of entrainer were investigated by single-factor experiments and response surface method. The content and extraction rate of 6-gingerol represented the extraction index of GEO. [Result] The conditions were optimized as follows： flow rate of CO2 at 25 L/h, mesh size of ginger power of 80 mesh, and volume of anhydrous ethanol as entrainer of 92.46 ml. The optimal extraction rate of 6-gingerol was 3.21%, which was predicted by RSM. [Conclusion] The optimal process of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of ginger essential oil was identified by singlefactor experiments and response surface method. The present study provides a satisfactory method for purifying GEO from ginger for industrial purpose.

Dynamic interacting relationships among international oil prices, macroeconomic variables and precious metal prices

From the perspective of long-term and short-term, the methods of TY causality test, generalized impulse response function, variance decomposition were used to investigate the impacts of international oil prices and macroeconomic variables on Chinese gold, silver and platinum prices, but also the feedback effects of Chinese precious metal prices under this impact. The results show that international oil prices play an important role in precious metal price variation both in long-term and short-term, and exchange rate only has an effect in short-term, while interest rate is ineffective in predicting precious metal prices. In addition, precious metal prices have some feedback effects on international oil prices and interest rate in short-term.

何谓“八音”

“八音”,是指我国古代的乐器,亦即古代乐器的统称。我国古代,依照乐器制作材料的不同,将乐器分为金、石、丝、竹、匏、土、革、木八类,称作“八音”。一、金类:这类乐器用金属制成,如钟、编钟、方响、钲、铙、钹、锣等等。二、石类:这类乐器用石料或玉制成,如磬、玉磬、编磐、鸣、球等等。三。