因为你是我儿

我的母亲姓苏，是个乡下人，她没有读过很多书，但她教会了我怎样做人，给了我爱的力量。

A Conceptual Framework for Consciousness Based on a Deep Understanding of Matter

One of the main challenges in consciousness research is widely known as the hard problem of consciousness. In order to tackle this problem, I utilize an approach from theoretical physics, called stochastic electrodynamics （SED） which goes one step beyond quantum theory and sheds new light on the reality behind matter. According to this approach, matter is a resonant oscillator that is orchestrated by an all-pervasive stochastic radiation field, called zero-point field （ZPF）. The properties of matter are not intrinsic but acquired by dynamic interaction with the ZPF, which in turn picks up information about the material system as soon as an ordered state, i.e., a stable attractor, is reached. I point out that these principles apply also to macroscopic biological systems. From this perspective, long-range correlations in the brain, such as neural gamma synchrony, can be interpreted in terms of order phenomena induced and stabilized by the ZPF, suggesting that every attractor in the brain goes along with an information state in the ZPF. In order to build the bridge to consciousness, I employ additional input from Eastern philosophy. From a comparison between SED and Eastern philosophy I draw the conclusion that the ZPF is an appropriate candidate for the substrate of consciousness, implying that information states in the ZPF are associated with conscious states. On this basis I develop a conceptual framework for consciousness that is fully consistent with physics, neurophysiology, and Eastern philosophy. I argue that this conceptual framework has many interesting features and opens a door to a theory of consciousness. Particularly, it solves the problem of how matter and consciousness communicate in a causally closed functional chain, it gives a physical grounding to existing approaches regarding the connection between consciousness and information, and it gives clear direction to future models and experiments.

The Only Possible Mirror Image of Interpreting by Means of Understanding in Modem Westem Philosophy

Interpreting is one of the studies that is in the phase of its theoretical bottleneck. The difficulty comes from the lack of a possible holistic understanding of the phenomenon of interpreting, not to mention the mirror image of interpreting. Different linguistic studies could do nothing since nowadays their respective studies are mostly suffering their own research bottlenecks. Furthermore, it is impossible for individual linguistic studies to elaborate on the complicated interpreting practice. The only possible mirror is Modem Western Philosophy, which can present the image of interpreting. Such a mirror image is by no means possible without the full-fledged development of language study, and in particular, the uncovering of human understanding, in Modem Western Philosophy.

Manabi as an Altemative Concept of Learning in Educational Discourses

This paper considers a theory and practices of Japanese manabi （学） as an alternative concept of learning in the era of post-globalization. Although the term manabi is widely used as the translation of learning and Lernen in the field of pedagogy and in Japanese schools, it is important to understand its meaning, since the meaning of manabi is a comprehensive concept that differs semantically from the words learning, Lernen, and Bildung in the Western words. Faced with the globalization in the 21st century, there has been a tendency to promote educational reform and curriculum policies that could be characterized as ＂learnification＂ in which ＂21st century skills,＂ ＂competency-based learning,＂ and ＂learner-centered education＂ are emphasized. While the Western idea of learning that highlights active self is attractive to change classroom practices from the transmission of knowledge to an innovative style of active, collaborative, communicative learning, and problem-solving, Japanese education sustains traditional values that derive from selflessness and nothingness in Eastern philosophy.

The Continuum of Grief. From Scandinavian Mythology to Zen Buddhism： Janet Frame＇s Intertextual Strategies in Snowman, Snowman

In the wake of Richards Benton＇s ＂Keats and Zen＂ （published in Philosophy East and West （1966））, this paper sets out to examine Janet Frame＇s appropriation of Buddhist philosophy in Snowman, Snowman （1962）. The novella＇s allusions to a Buddhist-like epistemology, together with its subtle references to Scandinavian myths, however, have so far remained uncovered and are therefore best approached in the light of what has been called ＂the suppressed intertextuality in post-colonial writing＂. The author＇s intention in this paper is twofold： On the one hand, the author will suggest that post-colonial writers do not necessarily write against the Western canon and that maintaining the contrary amounts to vindicating the centrality of imperial texts in the contemporary literary scene--an endeavour which is hardly post-colonial. On the other hand, the author will go some way towards shifting eastward the core of Frame＇s ontology by suggesting that her poetics is anchored not only in Western thinking, but also, perhaps more importantly so, in Eastern philosophy. The author＇s primary impulse, however, in examining the interplay between canonical and peripheral intertextualities, is to illuminate in fundamental fashion the haunting beauty of the writer＇s universe and the lyricism of Snowman, Snowman.

Cognition Embodied in Buddhist Philosophy A Comparative Reflection of D6gen and Heidegger

Contrary to occidental philosophy, oriented to grasping and solidifying the principles of essential being （ontos on）, Buddhism seeks to understand the aspect of our existence that experiences suffering in life. In the East Asian languages Human beings are described as Inter-Beings in that they are enveloped by the topos of life and death. From breath to breath, our life is bound to the moments of emerging and vanishing, being and non-being in an essential unity. D6gen＇s philosophical thinking integrated this conception with the embodied cognition of both thinking and acting self. In the phenomenological point of view, Heidegger （1927; 1993） emphasizes Being as bound to fundamental substantiality, which borders at the Ab-grund, falling into nothingness. With D^gen, the unity-within-contrast of life and death is exemplified in our breathing, because it achieves the unity of body and cognition which can be called ＂corpus.＂ In perfect contrast, the essential reflection for Heidegger is that of grasping the fundament of Being in the world, which represents the actualization of a Thinking-Being-Unity. The goal of this comparison is to fundamentally grasp what is the essentiality of being, life, and recognition （in Japanesejikaku f~ ~） bound to embodied cognition in our globalized world.

Spiritual Enlightenment ＆ Education： A Reading of Lao Zi （老子） for Educational Philosophers Today

Educational philosophy and enlightenment have been closely connected through the human pursuit to search for truth and improvement in history. In today＇s world, commercialism and technology have gained and accumulated enormous power in its impact on human society and consciousness, and have posed serious challenges to the traditional pursuit of enlightenment and philosophical studies. This paper takes a retrospective look of Lao Zi＇s Dao De Jing （Tao Te Jing, 道德经）.1 The discussion provides Lao Zi＇s definition of enlightenment in comparison to the western philosophical tradition and examines his focal concepts of Dao （the Way,道） and Virtue （德）, their relationship as well as the connection with enlightenment and education. In addition, the paper analyzes the insights and meaning Lao Zi＇s thought has for the contemporary philosophers and practices and raises questions regarding the implementation of his philosophy in the classrooms today.

Timelessness and Time Dependence of Human Consciousness From a Scientific Western Viewpoint

Eastern philosophy and western science have convergent and divergent viewpoints for their explanation of consciousness. Convergence is found for the practice of meditation allowing besides a time dependent consciousness, the experience of a timeless consciousness and its beneficial effect on psychological wellbeing and medical improvements, which are confirmed by multiple scientific publications. Theories of quantum mechanics with non-locality and timelessness also show astonishing correlation to eastern philosophy, such as the theory of Penrose-Hameroff （ORC-OR）, which explains consciousness by reduction of quantum superposition in the brain. Divergence appears in the interpretation of the subjective experience of timeless consciousness. In eastern philosophy, meditation at a higher level of awareness allows the personal experience of timeless and non-dual consciousness, considered as an empirical proof for the existence of pure consciousness or spirituality existing before the material world and creating it by design. Western science acknowledges the subjective, non-dual experience, and its multiple beneficial effects, however, the interpretation of spirituality designing the material universe is in disagreement with the Darwinian Theory of mutation and selection. A design should create an ideal universe without the injustice of 3% congenital birth defects and later genetic health problems. The western viewpoint of selection is more adapted to explain congenital errors. The gap between subjectivity and objectivity, the mind-body problem, is in eastern philosophy reduced to the dominance of subjectivity over objectivity, whereas western science attributes equal values to both. Nevertheless, there remains an astonishing complementarity between eastern and western practices.

Sense of Harmony in Chinese Traditional Culture

A harmonious culture is not supposed to be a monologue of one voice but a dialogue of many voices. Chinese ancient culture doesn＇t mean one-dimensional notion of nature transforming to human like that in western philosophy, but means the hiding and dialogue between the nature and the human body. Specifically, Wen hua just means a dialogue based on the body. Heaven Unitfied With the Human and Complement of Confucianism and Taoism provide this opinion. Sense of Harmony in Chinese traditional culture provides us important ideological resources for building a harmonious culture and promoting the harmonious development of mankind.

Two Main Linguistic and Semantic Approach in Islamic Theologoical Tradition

Theology is one of the main areas in which linguistics and semantics take up a significant space. The same issue also appears in the Islamic theological works known ＂kalam＂. There are two main semantical approaches regarding the theological doctrines in the Islamic thought. However the theological reasons are the primary aims in these semantical works, but they include serious philosophical and linguistic content. One of them is the main Islamic strand （orthodox Islam） represented by some astonishing Islamic scholars such as Ici, Guwaini, Sahristani, Ghazali, and Razi. According to this tradition, meaning is an inner state and a state of mind which is specified by the intent of the interlocutor or the author. The utterances have only an instrumentel role in speech. This approach can also be compared to the primary semantic view ranging from Aristotele to P. Grice---with some variations in the Western philosophical tradition. The second thesis is argued by the Mu＇tazili sect who are called Islamic rationalists that objected to Ahl us-Sunnah in their prominent ideas. From Mu＇tazila＇s point of view meaning should only be looked for among linguistic facts. There is no intentional content in the mind before the utterances. Meaning is produced within the structure of language itself and the conventional social context. In other words, meaning is nothing but the usage of the language, These two approaches also mean that there is going to arise different forms of interpretation in the theological perception. The aforementioned approach carries similarities with the approaches of Western thinkers like Wittgenstein and his followers. In this paper, the author deal with these two theological approaches by focusing on their linguistic and semantic views and comparing them with some modem western theories.

Modem Westem Philosophy in the Liberal Education in Current English Majors＇ Language Teaching in China

In recent years, liberal education has been a focus of English majors＇ education in China. Although it was wished and emphasized, there are many problems and difficulties when liberal education is asked to be achieved in the real sense. English majors＇ liberal education is yet at its primary stage. An analysis of the existing problems is made on the basis of the situation and characteristics of current English majors＇ education

Love and Persuasion： Strategies Essential to Philosophy as a Way of Life

In this paper, I intend to argue that a conception of philosophy as a way of life needs two elements： persuasion and love. Faced a false conception of philosophy very specialized, professional, and modem that has condemned to oblivion philosophy itself, we propose a therapeutic conception （of philosophy） as a way of life, a philosophy that is not reduced to a conceptual content, but that is related to the way of life of the philosopher.

Asouzu＇s Critique of Philosophy of Essence and Its Implication for the Growth of Science

The balkanization of reality by Aristotelian Philosophy has been a thought provoking exercise in the history of Western Philosophy. Aristotle＇s idea as conceptualized by Asouzu as Philosophy of Essence has been the central instrument for bifurcation and polarization of all entities into classes, such as： Essence and Accident, Matter and Form, Cause and Effect, Rationalism and Empiricism etc. This dualistic ontology be believes has eaten deeply into the mind of Western scholars to perceive science dualistically. In view of the above, the disagreement with Aristotle＇s compartmentalization of reality from Ibuanyidanda Philosophy （Philosophy of Complementarity） by Asouzu is an attempt to restructure scientific dualistic ontology into one unified, non-polarized, non-absolutistic, harmonious framework capable of fascinating unity in science. Hence, the subject matter of Ibuanyidanda Philosophy is to restore the broken unity between theory and praxis that exists in science because everything that exists serves a missing link of reality. The aim of this paper is to critically examine from the philosophical eye, the various critique by Asouzu on this thought provoking polarization of reality in Aristotle＇s Philosophy of Essence. We are of the view that Aristotle had to balkanize reality to solve the various problems of his era. Thus, if applied to contemporary scientific issues, it will lead us to no unity and growth in science. Furthermore, from Ibuanyidanda＇s perspective, we are of the view that its nature of harmonious non-polarized ontology is a breakthrough to contemporary scientific issues especially the debate within macro physics, theory of relativity, and sub-atomic particles physics （Quantum Mechanics）.

Natural Science and the Evolution of Categorial Discourse

In the second half of the last century the problem of categories became less and less prominent in philosophical debates. This twilight of categorial discourse did not go unnoticed, and some authors offered different solutions for the revival of categorial theorizing in contemporary philosophy＇s repertoire. One of these authors is the American philosopher Stephen Pepper. The purpose of the present discussion is to offer yet another explanation for the decline of categorial theory, and to explore Pepper＇s view and its role in the transformation of categorial discourse. The main thesis which I will argue for is that traditional categories did not disappear altogether, but they have been replaced, gradually, by key empirical concepts from natural science. Even if such concepts do not satisfy the traditional requirements categories in shaping our for a categorial scheme, they are, nonetheless, fulfilling the same role as traditional worldviews.

A Proposal for Epistemological Errors Detected in the Works of Newton, Darwin, Einstein, and Descartes

Epistemological review uses neurosociology, clinical neurosociology, and the neuroquantic paradigm of some of the propositions made by Newton, Darwin, Einstein, and Descartes. These propositions include： the law of universal gravitation based on Newton＇s theory of gravity, Darwin＇s theory of evolution, Einstein＇s special theory of relativity, and Descartes＇ philosophical proposition cogito ergo sum. This last proposition was considered to be an essential element of Western philosophy, as it was perceived to be the foundation for all knowledge. In all of these cases, possible problems of interpretation or construction have been detected and alternatives are proposed. Newton＇s law was replaced by the general theory of relativity, but this also has some shortcomings. For Darwin, the hypothesis of eclosion has been proposed. For Einstein, the dimension ＂time＂ is eliminated and the concept of ＂space-motion＂ is proposed. In the case of Descartes, the author proposes that the person and the body do not have life. It is the cells and neurons that are alive and it is in the neurons where information or thoughts are generated, stored, and processed, Therefore, it is the neurons that exist.

Managing Complexity and Speed of Processes in the Organizations—A Philosophical and Practical Approach

The business challenges of today are managing complexity and the speed of changes with processes and systems since there are continuously new requirements from market, consumers, suppliers, employees, government etc. For example, when product and service innovations are launched on the market, the relevant processes, policies, people, systems, and technologies should have been prepared and set up in advance. Depending on the business sector, the implementation of new processes and systems as well as their continuous improvement can be easy to very complex and of course very costly. Responding to those challenges, there are several methodologies and approaches like Continuous Improvement Process, Lean Management and Kaizen etc. On the other hand, the application of these methodologies to other industries like service and technology companies is not always successful since their conditions and requirements are different than those of manufacturing organizations. Because of these reasons, the management needs to find out （new） ways of working and to implement new solutions in order to master those challenges and problems. This is not always easy and successful. There are different types of solution options that can be applied situational in every organization. Philosophy can help essentially by asking and answering critical questions in order to provide with solution options to reduce the complexity and to increase the speed of processes. There are several proven and new governance concepts, frameworks, and tools which follow their philosophies. This paper demonstrates how those challenges can be responded and managed as well as how a philosophical approach can help primarily to provide with appropriate solutions.

Specificity and Semantic Horizon of the Human Sciences from the Viewpoint of Bakhtin＇s Metalinguistics

This article explores the potential resources of the Bakhtin＇s theory of dialogism and its core concepts for the development of the philosophy and methodology of the human sciences. Focusing on Bakhtin＇s late essays： ＂The Problem of the Text in Linguistics, Philology, and the Human Sciences; From Notes Made in 1970-71;＂ and ＂Toward a Methodology for the Human Sciences,＂ the author deals with such concepts as sense, semantic whole, superaddressee, the third, and outsideness. Metalinguistics is interpreted as a philosophical approach to the problems of humanities methodology. The specifics of the human sciences, which Bakhtin put to the question, are described in comparison and correlation with the natural sciences. The author elaborates the idea of the communicative three-part relationship or trilogue （as a development of the dialogue）. The role of the superaddressee as the third participant of the trilogue between the researcher （the subject） and the text （the object） is discussed. The notion semantic whole and its implementation in the process of the sense＇s becoming （development） are analyzed.

Process Philosophical Adventures of Applied Ontology

The paper is devoted to the new sphere of applied process ontology. It first makes a short review of the recent investigations in that area. Then it stresses on the importance of applied process ontology. Next the main methodological approaches of applied process ontology are considered： the ＂top down＂ and ＂bottom up＂ approaches. It is argued about the necessity and fruitfulness to combine both ＂top down＂ and ＂bottom up＂ approaches, and not to rely on one of them only. An example is given of the important role of process ontology as general methodological framework for the building up of regional formal ontology. Finally, the idea of variable ontological categories is stressed on and argued for its fruitfulness.

Buddhism-Among the Theory and Practice

The article tries to bring the issues related to problematic aspects of conceptualization of Buddhism into words closer. The author pays attention to Japanese output of 19th century Japanese idea that grasped Buddhism into the theoretical frames of western philosophy. The attempt of translating Buddhism with terminology taken from European philosophy allowed not only to refresh the general look at Buddhism, but also to bring it closer to western man. By analyzing the western philosophy, we may often come across many aspects closed to Buddhist idea although we must bear in mind the fact that those similarities can often enough create a misrepresentation. The present article as an attempt is to answer the questions： To what degree can we really speak of knowledge of Buddhism being closed in language frames？ Is it possible to get to know Buddhism without its practice, based only on the philosophical studies？

Application of Time and Space Thinking in Civil Engineering

Time and Space Thinking that is composed of time and space thinking is brought up in civil engineering. This paper makes a detailed analysis on application and role of time and space thinking in knowledge system and learning method of civil engineering and put forward time and space thinking to be similar with philosophical view of time and space. Time and space thinking is a scientific method, therefore, it is suggested to make students active in having such idea and strengthen students＇ understanding on time and space thinking, which will helping students recognize knowledge system and stimulate innovative abilities.