方形空间内混合对流换热的数值研究

以建筑物内人工环境控制为应用背景，对有对称空气射流的方形空间内混合对流换热进行了数值模拟，探讨了这种具有对称结构的混合对流换热解的分岔问题。数值结果表明，Ｒｅｙｎｏｌｄｓ数、强制通风气流的射流角度、以及方形空间的宽高比都会影响解的分岔。当Ｒｅ数超过某一临界值时，会出现非对称数值解。宽高比减小，出现非对称解的临界Ｒｅ数也随之减小。Ｒｅ数、宽高比一定，仅当通风气流的射流角度在某个范围内时，能够得到非对称的数值解。

超大方形空间火灾特点的仿真与实验研究

针对超大方形建筑空间消防安全,采用仿真与实验相结合的方法,对此类空间发生火灾后的温度分布、烟气沉降、氧气浓度等内容展开了研究。研究表明,此类空间一旦发生大尺度火灾,烟气运动会出现明显的“分层”“顶棚射流”“壁面射流”现象;火场内温度分布呈现高、中、低3个梯度,高、中两个梯度会在300 s内超过人体承受温度;烟气沉降过程中会短暂停留在距离地面某一高度处;同时,烟气沉降到地面后,可燃物仍将继续长时间在浓度约为16%~18%的氧气中继续燃烧,且氧气浓度最低位置不是在火源附近,而极有可能出现在远离火源的墙壁下部。

方形空间可燃气体爆燃泄爆实验及三维数值模拟研究

为了研究大空间内预混可燃气体爆燃泄爆过程中的压力与火焰传播规律,在1.21 m^3的方形空间内进行了不同体积分数乙烯气体和两种不同泄压面积的泄爆实验,针对泄压面积为0.18 m^2、体积分数为7%的乙烯-空气预混气体爆燃泄爆过程进行了三维数值模拟研究。结果表明:不同泄爆条件下压力形式不同,小面积泄爆口开启后,压力先下降后上升且第2峰值较大,在高体积分数下超过第1峰值,大面积泄爆时第2峰值较小。数值模拟结果与实验得到的压力时程曲线趋势一致,与实验中观察到的外部火焰形态相似;泄爆口开启后引发的湍流效应,使得空间内火焰阵面变形和火焰传播速度显著加快,导致了小面积泄爆第2峰值压力较大。

基于不规则三角网构建的网格生长算法

提出一种基于离散点Delaunay三角网快速构建的网格生长算法,采用分治算法将离散点表达为唯一网格,利用稀疏矩阵完成网格数据的压缩存储,通过标识码实现有值单元格与离散点之间的高效检索,从而提高网格构建的效率。依据有值单元格的密度获取预设正方形搜索空间,并在三角网扩展时根据需要动态建立正方形搜索空间,从而保证网格生长的准确性。实验结果表明,该算法的时间复杂度为O(nlogn),对于少量或海量离散点均具有较好的适应性。

Time-dependent response of laminated isotropic strips with viscoelastic interfaces

The two dimensional problem of simply supported laminated isotropic strips with viscoelastic interfaces and under static loading was studied. Exact solution was derived based on the exact elasticity equation and the Kelvin-Voigt viscoelastic interfacial model. Numerical computations were performed for a strip consisting of three layers of equal thickness. Results indicated that the response of the laminate was very sensitive to the presence of viscoelastic interfaces.

Design and implementation of square Helmholtz coil for uniform magnetic field generation

In order to calibrate electrical instruments and generate a constant magnetic field, a novel design method for square Helmholtz coil is proposed. According to the superposition principle in electromagnetics, the theory of the square Helmholtz coil is established, and the design method is verified by Matlab calculation. Compared with conventional circular Helmholtz coil, the novel square one is with a larger uniform region. Simulation work is conducted in Maxwell, and the distribution of the magnetic field is obtained. The results demonstrate the validation of the applied calculation method of the proposed Helmholtz model. The space utilization rate η is used to make a comparison between the square and circular coils for the uniform region. The square Helmholtz coil is fabricated, the length of a single square coil is 1.5 m, and the amplitude of the magnetic field is controlled by the current. The GSM-19 T proton magnetometer is used to measure the amplitude of the magnetic field generated by the square Helmholtz coil. Experimental results indicate that a wide-range variable uniform magnetic field from 0 to 120 μT is generated in the center of Helmholtz coils.

Pressure gradient errors in a covariant method of implementing theσ-coordinate:idealized experiments and geometric analysis

A new approach is proposed to use the covariant scalar equations of the a-coordinate （the covariant method）, in which the pressure gradient force （PGF） has only one term in each horizontal momentum equation, and the PGF errors are much reduced in the computational space. In addition, the validity of reducing the PGF errors by this covariant method in the computational and physical space over steep terrain is investigated. First, the authors implement a set of idealized experiments of increasing terrain slope to compare the PGF errors of the covariant method and those of the classic method in the computational space. The results demonstrate that the PGF errors of the covariant method are consistently much-reduced, compared to those of the classic method. More importantly, the steeper the terrain, the greater the reduction in the ratio of the PGF errors via the covariant method. Next, the authors use geometric analysis to further investigate the PGF errors in the physical space, and the results illustrates that the PGF of the covariant method equals that of the classic method in the physical space; namely, the covariant method based on the non-orthogonal a-coordinate cannot reduce the PGF errors in the physical space. However, an orthogonal method can reduce the PGF errors in the physical space. Finally, a set of idealized experiments are carried out to validate the results obtained by the geometric analysis. These results indicate that the covariant method may improve the simulation of variables relevant to pressure, in addition to pressure itself, near steep terrain.

Heat Transfer Behavior in a Square Duct with Tandem Wire Coil Element Insert

Effects of insertion of tandem wire coil elements used as turbulator on heat transfer and turbulent flow friction characteristics in a uniform heat-flux square duct are experimentally investigated in this work. The experiment is conducted for turbulent flow with the Reynolds number from 4000 to 25000. The wire coil element is inserted into the duct with a view to generating a swirl flow that assists to wash up the flow trapped in the duct corners and then increase the heat transfer rate of the test duct. Apart from the full-length coil, 1D and 2D length coil elements placed in tandem inside the duct with various free-space lengths are introduced to reduce the friction loss. The results obtained from these wire coil element inserts are also compared with those from the smooth duct. The experimental results reveal that the use of wire coil inserts for the full-length coil, 1D and 2D coil elements with a short free-space length leads to a considerable increase in heat transfer and friction loss over the smooth duct with no insert. The full-length wire coil provides higher heat transfer and friction factor than the tandem wire coil elements under the same operating conditions. Also, performance evaluation criteria to assess the real benefits in using the wire coil insert into the square duct are determined.

Blow Up of Periodic Solutions to a Class of Quasilinear Hyperbolic Systems in Diagonal Form

In this paper, we discuss the blow-up of periodic solutions to a class of quasilinear hyperbolic systems in diagonal form, and make the accurate estimate of life-span. These results in this paper extend the conclusion [1-3].

Functional safety verification and performance measurement of train-train communication link

The short-range wireless communication technology has advanced considerably and provides the feasibility of train-train(T2T)communication link in the communication-based train control system.The introduction of the T2T link would reduce the headway and improve operational efficiency.Formal methods are system design techniques that use rigorously specified mathematical models to ensure all behaviors work as expected.And it is exactly the functional safety verification needed.Therefore,to deal with the functional safety verification of the T2T link,an untimed colored petri net model is first constructed.Secondly,the verification process is performed.Conclusions can be drawn from the state space report and the computation tree logic queries.Lastly,the model is parameterized,and then data log files are obtained for further performance measurement.Results show that the proposed criteria are satisfied and there are no defects in the basic design requirements.The transmission delay has considered the reconnection,transmission errors and the interruption.The probability of the delay lower than 150 ms accounts for 98.106%,which meets the specification and the previous field test.

An Addressing and Routing Scheme Based on Modified Euclidean Space for Hexagonal Networks

The addressing and routing algorithm on hexagonal networks is still an open problem so far.Although many related works have been done to resolve this problem to some extent,the properties of hexagonal networks are still not explored adequately.In this paper,we first create an oblique coordinate system and redefine the Euclidean space to address the hexagonal nodes.Then an optimal routing algorithm using vectors and angles of the redefined Euclidean space is developed.Compared with the traditional 3-directions scheme and the Cayley graph method,the proposed routing algorithm is more efficient and totally independent of the scale of networks with two-tuples addresses.We also prove that the path(s) obtained by this algorithm is always the shortest one(s).

Managing Accessibility- The Configurational Approach to the Inclusive Design of Urban Spaces

This paper concerns the theme of the universal accessibility to urban spaces, proposing the contribution of configurational approach to their inclusive design. Born in the first Nineties on the roots of the efforts and the studies for reducing material and architectural barriers for disabled people, such discipline extends its sphere and purposes so as to mitigate the effects of spatial exclusion of a wider and wider variety of human categories, up to virtually include any potential urban user. Several questions persuade that a merely functional approach, essentially based on the position of the located activities, cannot be said satisfying： only a configurational approach can account for the effects of the grid configuration on the actual accessibility of its spaces. Our research focuses on Italian urban settlements, which appear as ideal case studies, due to the typical consistency of their urban spaces, which, especially in the inner historical cores, are densely build, geometrically irregular and hence generally far from actually providing a universal material accessibility. Here the impedance of space is much more than a theoretical hypothesis and concrete interventions are generally requested to eliminate or reduce its barriers and to make space actually and safely usable. Rather than at indicating the technical solution of single urban problems, which of course are strongly different each other, the research aims at defining a method suitable for any local context. Such method, integrating into a reliable tool the configurational vision with the functional and interactional approach, will provide a hierarchy of urban spaces with reference to the necessity of their universal accessibility.

On Totally Real Pseudo-Umbilical Submanifolds in a Complex Projective Space

Let M^n be a totally real submanifold in a complex projective space CP^(n+p).In this paper,we study the position of the parallel umbilical normal vector field of M^n in the normal bundle.By choosing a suitable frame field,we obtain a pinching theorem,in the case p>0, for the square of the length of the second fundamental form of a totally real pseudo-umbilical submanifold with parallel mean curvature vector.

Traveling Wave Solutions for Nonlinear Differential-Difference Equations of Rational Types

Differential-difference equations are considered to be hybrid systems because the spatial variable n is discrete while the time t is usually kept continuous.Although a considerable amount of research has been carried out in the field of nonlinear differential-difference equations,the majority of the results deal with polynomial types.Limited research has been reported regarding such equations of rational type.In this paper we present an adaptation of the(G /G)-expansion method to solve nonlinear rational differential-difference equations.The procedure is demonstrated using two distinct equations.Our approach allows one to construct three types of exact traveling wave solutions(hyperbolic,trigonometric,and rational) by means of the simplified form of the auxiliary equation method with reduced parameters.Our analysis leads to analytic solutions in terms of topological solitons and singular periodic functions as well.

Geomorphological inheritance for loess landform evolution in a severe soil erosion region of Loess Plateau of China based on digital elevation models

The influence of pre-quaternary underlying terrain on the formation of loess landforms, i.e., the geomorphological inheritance issue, is a focus in studies of loess landforms. On the basis of multi-source information, we used GIS spatial analysis methods to construct a simulated digital elevation model of a pre-quaternary paleotopographic surface in a severe soil erosion area of the Loess Plateau. To reveal the spatial relationship between underlying paleotopography and modern terrain, an XY scatter diagram, hypsometric curve, gradient and concavity of terrain profiles are used in the experiments. The experiments show that the altitude, gradient and concavity results have significant linear positive correlation between both terrains, which shows a relatively strong landform inheritance relationship, particularly in the intact and complete loess deposit areas. Despite the current surface appearing somewhat changed from the original shape of the underlying terrain under different erosion forces, we reveal that the modern terrain generally smoothes the topographic relief of underlying terrain in the loess deposition process. Our results deepen understanding of the characteristics of geomorphological inheritance in the formation and evolution of loess landforms.

Topological recursion relations on M_(3,2)

We give some new genus-3 universal equations for Gromov-Witten invariants of compact symplectic manifolds. These equations were obtained by studying relations in the tautological ring of the moduli space of2-pointed genus-3 stable curves. A byproduct of our search for genus-3 equations is a new genus-2 universal equation for Gromov-Witten invariants.

The distribution of the periodic orbits with open deviation in C^(1+α)non-uniformly hyperbolic systems

Let f ： M → M be a C^1＋α diffeomorphism on a smooth compact Riemannian manifold M and A be a Pesin set associated with the ergodic hyperbolic measure μ. Then f ： A → A forms a non-uniformly hyperbolic system. We concern with the distribution of the periodic orbits whose time averages are apart from the space average of μ. Finally, we derive a large deviation result for these periodic orbits with open deviation property.

Nonconforming finite element methods on quadrilateral meshes

It is well known that it is comparatively difficult to design nonconforming finite elements on quadri- lateral meshes by using Gauss-Legendre points on each edge of triangulations. One reason lies in that these de- grees of freedom associated with these Gauss-Legendre points are not all linearly independent for usual expected polynomial spaces, which explains why only several lower order nonconforming quadrilateral finite elements can be found in literature. The present paper proposes two families of nonconforming finite elements of any odd order and one family of nonconforming finite elements of any even order on quadrilateral meshes. Degrees of freedom are given for these elements, which are proved to be well-defined for their corresponding shape function spaces in a unifying way. These elements generalize three lower order nonconforming finite elements on quadri- laterals to any order. In addition, these nonconforming finite element spaces are shown to be full spaces which is somehow not discussed for nonconforming finite elements in literature before.

Variational formulas of higher order mean curvatures

In this paper, we establish the first variational formula and its Euler-Lagrange equation for the total 2p-th mean curvature functional .M2p of a submanifold Mn in a general Riemannian manifold gn^n＋m for p = 0, 1,..., [n/2]. As an example, we prove that closed complex submanifolds in complex projective spaces are critical points of the functional M2p, called relatively 2p-minimal submanifolds, for all p. At last, we discuss the relations between relatively 2p-minimal submanifoIds and austere submanifolds in real space forms, as well as a special variational problem.

The Generic Annular Bucket Histogram for Estimating the Selectivity of Spatial Selection and Spatial Join

Selectivity estimation is crucial for query optimizers choosing an optimal spatial execution plan in a spatial database management system.This paper presents an Annular Bucket spatial histogram(AB histogram)that can estimate the selectivity in finer spatial selection and spatial join operations even when the spatial query has more operators or more joins.The AB histogram is represented as a set of bucket-range,bucket-count value pairs.The bucket-range often covers an annular region like a sin-gle-cell-sized photo frame.The bucket-count is the number of objects whose Minimum Bounding Rectangles(MBRs)fall between outer rectangle and inner rectangle of the bucket-range.Assuming that all MBRs in each a bucket distribute evenly,for every buck-et,we can obtain serial probabilities that satisfy a certain spatial selection or join conditions from the operations' semantics and the spatial relations between every bucket-range and query ranges.Thus,according to some probability theories,spatial selection or join selectivity can be estimated by the every bucket-count and its probabilities.This paper also shows a way to generate an updated AB histogram from an original AB histogram and those probabilities.Our tests show that the AB histogram not only supports the selectivity estimation of spatial selection or spatial join with "disjoint","intersect","within","contains",and "overlap" operators but also provides an approach to generate a reliable updated histogram whose spatial distribution is close to the distribution of ac-tual query result.