汉语方所格介词的来源及功能扩展模式

依据语义来源,汉语史及现代汉语方言中的方所格介词可以分为五大类15小类,所处典型的句法格式则有“prep+NP;+VP”和“VP+prep+NP;”两种,句法格式会影响到功能扩展。依据动作发生前后的位置关系,方所名词大致可以分为源点(夺格)、原点(处所)、经由、终点(向格)四种,大部分方所格介词可以介引多种方位名词。从跨方言共时平面来看,原点与源点、原点与终点、源点与经由用法具有双向演变关系;从历时层面来看,每类词的演变都具有单向性。

纳西语属格和方所格的源流

从语音比较和语义功能分布量化分析的结果来看,原始东部纳西语属格语素为*bV;原始西部纳西语属格语素为*gV^M。方所格来源复杂,舌尖流音声母语素来源于原始彝缅语*k(l)o^1。*k(l)o^1分化出的原始纳语*ko“里”跟原始西部纳西语*ku“头”的各自子代在现代西部方言各土语中产生功能分布竞争。对应音节的舌根声母送气化并表征“在……之内”的语素来源于*ko,而保留不送气舌根声母并表征“在……之上”的语素来源于*ku。两者功能分布的竞争焦点通常为“目标”论元标志。

也谈“跟随义”动词的方所格用法

本文讨论了“跟随”义动词“从”“随”“跟”方所格功能的形成以及功能之间的扩展关系。“从”“随”都是从“跟随”义动词直接发展为方所格介词,“从”起初主要表经由、始发,唐以降扩展到表所在、终点,“随”使用频率较低,元以后逐渐菱缩乃至消失。方所格介词“跟”的形成具有两条路径:1)“跟随”义动词一方所格介词(经由→始发),2)“跟随”义动词→伴随格→有生方向一方所格(处所方向一所在一终点)。“跟”只能表经由、始发的方言属于第一条路径,只能表所在的方言属于第二条路径,兼有所在、经由、始发功能的难以简单判定是经历了单一演变路径还是两条演变路径,难以确定属于哪种情况并不影响“跟”演变为方所格介词具有两条路径这一语言事实。

An Extreme Value Approach to Test the Effect of Price Limits on Volatility

Many stock exchanges around the world enforcing daily price limits on the amount asset prices can change to prevent the market from overreacting and to reduce volatility. Price limits are artificial boundaries set by market regulators who restrict price changes of a stock to a pre-specified range during a trading day or a single trading session. The primary aim of price limit rules is to stabilize the markets during panic trading, to moderate vitality by repressing excessive speculation, and to allow stocks to be traded at prices close to their fair value. However, their impact on the market is a somewhat unresolved issue （Harris, 1998）. Using a methodology of comparing volatility based on the extreme value technique, the authors empirically investigate the impact of price limits on the volatility of the Stock Exchange of Thailand. The empirical results support price limits advocates, suggesting that price limits rules moderate stock price volatility.