周期性耐力项目训练强度分布的概念释义与应用方法学研究进展

训练强度分布(training intensity distribution,TID)是继负荷结构、统计、评价与监控之后的又一研究热点,它综合了负荷监控、统计与评价等多种要素,是制定、监控和调整耐力训练负荷的新工具,兼具周期性、阶段性和普适性等特点,在周期性耐力项目训练实践中发挥着重要作用。本文通过梳理国内外相关文献并结合前期实践经验,从历史起源、概念释义、基本类型、负荷特征与方法学策略等方面对周期性耐力项目训练强度分布进行系统综述。作为负荷强度的延伸与拓展,训练强度分布一般指运动员在某一训练时期内(数日、数周、数月或年度)不同负荷强度运动时间的比例结构或不同负荷强度的训练量占总负荷量的百分比,它将负荷强度和训练时间统一在运动负荷的框架之内;TID主要包括高量低强度模式、高强度模式、乳酸阈模式、金字塔模式、两极化模式、反极化模式、反金字塔模式和平化型模式等多种类型。本文从实验流程、操作细节以及特殊情况下的方法学策略等方面对训练强度分布研究的应用方法学因素进行了详细介绍,对该领域有待解决的问题与应用要点以及后续研究方向进行了探索与展望。

噪声对工效影响的研究方法及存在的问题

目前 ,噪声对工效关系的影响研究方法学领域较为纷乱 ,许多研究结果相互矛盾。为此 ,讨论了短期噪声与人工效关系研究的主要方法、影响因素以及目前存在的主要问题。在噪声特性方面 ,噪声内容与作业任务相关性越大 ,噪声强度越高 ,其影响就越大 ;强度变化的、间断的、非周期性噪声影响较大。文中例举了实验研究中使用较多的作业任务的同时指出 :受试者的主观倾向、噪声敏感性、个性及性别差异、任务的类型及复杂性、学习效应、测量时间及认知疲劳等 ,均是影响噪声作用的因素。

Repeated morphine treatment influences operant and spatial learning differentially

Objective To investigate whether repeated morphine exposure or prolonged withdrawal could influence operant and spatial learning differentially. Methods Animals were chronically treated with morphine or subjected to morphine withdrawal. Then, they were subjected to two kinds of learning: operant conditioning and spatial learning. Results The acquisition of both simple appetitive and cued operant learning was impaired after repeated morphine treatment. Withdrawal for 5 weeks alleviated the impairments. Single morphine exposure disrupted the retrieval of operant memory but had no effect on rats after 5-week withdrawal. Contrarily, neither chronic morphine exposure nor 5-week withdrawal influenced spatial learning task of the Morris water maze. Nevertheless, the retrieval of spatial memory was impaired by repeated morphine exposure but not by 5-week withdrawal. Conclusion These observations suggest that repeated morphine exposure can influence different types of learning at different aspects, implicating that the formation of opiate addiction may usurp memory mechanisms differentially.

Evaluation of the propensity for coal spontaneous combustion based on catastrophe theory

Generally, different prevention measures should be taken according to spontaneous combustion propensities. The current methods to evaluate the propensity of coal spontaneous combustion, such as chromatographic method of oxygen adsorption, oxidation kinetics method and activation energy method, are mostly affected by human factors. Their boundaries among different classes of propensities were all established by subjective judgments. A new evaluation method using catastrophe theory is introduced. This method can accurately depict the process of coal spontaneous combustion and the evaluation index, ＂catastrophe temperature＂, be obtained based on the model. In terms of catastrophe temperature, the spontaneous combustion propensity of different coals can be sequenced. Experimental data indicate that this method is appropriate to describe the spontaneous combustion process and to evaluate the propensity of coal svontaneous combustion.

Hemorrhoids:From basic pathophysiology to clinical management

This review discusses the pathophysiology,epidemiology,risk factors,classification,clinical evaluation,and current non-operative and operative treatment of hemorrhoids.Hemorrhoids are defined as the symptomatic enlargement and distal displacement of the normal anal cushions.The most common symptom of hemorrhoids is rectal bleeding associated with bowel movement.The abnormal dilatation and distortion of the vascular channel,together with destructive changes in the supporting connective tissue within the anal cushion,is a paramount finding of hemorrhoids.It appears that the dysregulation of the vascular tone and vascular hyperplasia might play an important role in hemorrhoidal development,and could be a potential target for medical treatment.In most instances,hemorrhoids are treated conservatively,using many methods such as lifestyle modification,fiber supplement,suppositorydelivered anti-inflammatory drugs,and administration of venotonic drugs.Non-operative approaches include sclerotherapy and,preferably,rubber band ligation.An operation is indicated when non-operative approaches have failed or complications have occurred.Several surgical approaches for treating hemorrhoids have been introduced including hemorrhoidectomy and stapled hemorrhoidopexy,but postoperative pain is invariable.Some of the surgical treatments potentially cause appreciable morbidity such as anal stricture and incontinence.The applications and outcomes of each treatment are thoroughly discussed.

Prognostic Impact of Cell Division Cycle Associated 2 Expression on Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma

Objective To examine the expression of cell division cycle associated 2(CDCA 2) in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma(PDAC) and investigate its role in prognosis of PDAC patients.Methods This retrospective study included 155 PDAC patients who underwent surgical treatment and complete post-operative follow-up.Clinicopathologic data were collected through clinical database.Tissue microarray was constructed and immunohistochemistry was performed to detect CDCA2 expression in the PDAC tumor tissues and adjacent non-tumor tissues.Clinicopathological characteristics between high and low CDCA2 expression were compared.Correlation of CDCA2 expressions with patients' survival was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression analysis.Results Expression of CDCA2 in PDAC cells was significantly higher than that in adjacent non-tumor tissues(U=4056.5,P<0.001).Univariate analysis showed that CDCA2 expression [hazard ratio(HR)=1.574,95% confidence interval(CI)=1.014-2.443,P=0.043] and node metastasis(HR=1.704,95%CI=1.183-2.454,P=0.004) were significantly associated with prognosis.Cox regression analysis showed CDCA2 expression was not an independent prognostic risk factor(HR=1.418,95%CI=0.897-2.242,P=0.135) for PDCA patients.Stratification survival analysis demonstrated CDCA2 expression as an independent prognostic risk factor in male patients(HR=2.554,95%CI=1.446-4.511,P=0.003) or in non-perineural invasion patients(HR=2.290,95%CI=1.146-4.577,P=0.012).Conclusions CDCA2 is highly expressed in PDAC tumor tissue.Although CDCA2 is not an independent prognostic risk factor for PDAC patients,it might be used to help predict prognosis of male or non-perineural invasion patients of PDAC.

Skopos theory and translating strategies of cultural elements in tourism texts

Tourism texts （shortened as TT） have become a principal means of promoting tourism in China. Cultural elements are abundant in those texts. Therefore, the proper understanding and rendering of such messages is the key to the quality of TT translation. Based on Skopos theory the paper focuses on the translating strategies of TT cultural elements.

Factors affecting accuracy of radial point interpolation meshfree method for 3-D solid mechanics

Recently,the radial point interpolation meshfree method has gained popularity owing to its advantages in large deformation and discontinuity problems,however,the accuracy of this method depends on many factors and their influences are not fully investigated yet.In this work,three main factors,i.e.,the shape parameters,the influence domain size,and the nodal distribution,on the accuracy of the radial point interpolation method(RPIM)are systematically studied and conclusive results are obtained.First,the effect of shape parameters(R,q)of the multi-quadric basis function on the accuracy of RPIM is examined via global search.A new interpolation error index,closely related to the accuracy of RPIM,is proposed.The distribution of various error indexes on the R q plane shows that shape parameters q[1.2,1.8]and R[0,1.5]can give good results for general 3-D analysis.This recommended range of shape parameters is examined by multiple benchmark examples in 3D solid mechanics.Second,through numerical experiments,an average of 30 40 nodes in the influence domain of a Gauss point is recommended for 3-D solid mechanics.Third,it is observed that the distribution of nodes has significant effect on the accuracy of RPIM although it has little effect on the accuracy of interpolation.Nodal distributions with better uniformity give better results.Furthermore,how the influence domain size and nodal distribution affect the selection of shape parameters and how the nodal distribution affects the choice of influence domain size are also discussed.

The Role of Poetics in Buddhist Scripture Translation

Starting from the thesis that translation always takes place in a certain social and cultural context and is therefore conditioned by certain contextual factors, this paper examines the particular role that poetics played in Buddhist scripture translation that happened in ancient China. Buddhist poetics, in its associations with China＇s native poetics, did not work its way peacefully into the latter＇s embrace, to begin with. Instead, its appearance was first met with severe criticism and resistance. Aware of this problem, Buddhist translators in ancient China made continuous efforts in adapting Buddhist translations to the reading habits of the local people, which helped to ensure an easier acceptance of Buddhist philosophy by the Chinese people. With the growth and advancement of Buddhism in China, Buddhist poetics was no longer regarded as an enemy by its Chinese counterpart, and the style of Buddhist scripture translation was therefore able to stick closer to that of the original texts. The conclusion is that the poetics of one foreign literary system, when it comes to a new cultural environment, instead of remaining unaltered, usually goes through a complicated process of clashing and confl cfing with the native poetics before they two become reconciled and compatible with each other.