犬尿结石症的营养调控和比瑞吉泌尿道处方粮调理

尿石症是宠物犬泌尿道系统多发病和多进程渐进性常见病。本文分别介绍了影响尿结石形成的食物组分:蛋白质、脂肪、嘌呤、维生素矿物质和水,以期对犬尿结石进行营养调控。介绍了比瑞吉泌尿道处方粮的配制原理和调理机理,临床验证表明,犬在轻松愉悦的采食中可获得泌尿道健康的维护。

Precise Calculation System of Total Mix Ration for Lactating Cow

[Objective] The paper was to precisely predict nutrient requirements and optimize ration formula, and explore the inherent feature of ration optimization of dairy cow. [Method] Based on cornell net carbohydrate and protein system （CNCPS） with integrating dynamic prediction models on main nutrient requirements of dairy cattle recommended by NRC （2001） and the CNCPS parameter database accumu- lated by Chinese feed database, the ration nutrient requirement dynamic calculation and total mixed ration （TMR） formula optimizing system for Holstein dairy cow was developed using FOXPRO database system and parametric linear programming algo- rithm. [Result] By optimizing a specific cow ration and analyzing its completed nutri- ents, the results showed that this system could entirely consider a lots of nutrient balances, such as concentrate fraction and forage fraction balance, rumen degrad- able protein and rumen undergradable protein balance, crude protein and lactation net energy balance, fibrous substances （ADF, NDF） and non-fiber carbohydrates （NFC） balance, calcium and phosphate balance, electrolytes balance and trace ele- ment balance etc., and could also calculate intestinal amino acid flow in terms of different models. [Conclusion] By using dynamic mathematical equations and comput- erized program, it can be realized for the ration formula design of lactating cow with all-round interoperable but mutual-constraining each other among ration nutrients.

Investigation on Breeding Direction of Grain Crops——Taking Henan Province as an example

[Objective] This paper aimed to investigate the breeding direction of grain crops in Henan Province. [Method] Superior varieties are the basis of grain yield-increase, and a proper breeding direction is essential for breeding of superior varieties. According to the actual situation and production requirements in Henan Province, by using statistical data of grain production, this paper analyzed the current situation and influencing factors of grain production in Henan Province, and summarized the breeding direction of current grain production. [Result] The increase of grain output in Henan Province mainly relies on the increase of grain yield per unit area and is achieved based on the increase of wheat and corn yield. There are several main factors affecting grain production in Henan Province, including the frequent meteorological disasters, low resistance to natural disasters, excessive chemical fertilizer inputs, decreased material conversion efficiency, aggravated pollution of the agricultural surface source, imbalanced quality and the distribution of cultivated land, emphasizing yield traits but neglecting related traits during crop breeding pro- cess, unitary dominant varieties resulting from narrow germplasm resources, and reduced grain-planting population with the migration of rural labor force. On this basis, the grain breeding direction is proposed with high yield, high efficiency, adaptability, stress resistance, specificity and safety, to enhance the grain crop breeding level, breed superior varieties, and realize the intensive use of cultivated land, intensive saving of materials, intensive substitution of labor force, intensive protection of environment and intensive efficiency of technologies by adjusting the breeding direction, thus promoting the sustained and stable development of grain production. [Conclusion] This paper provides basis for the breeding of superior varieties of grain crops and improvement of grain output in Henan Province.

An Innovative Project of Wheat Breeding

The objectives of wheat breeding in Sichuan and Chongqing were incon- sistent with the requirements of wheat production in 1980s. The new direction, to breed new wheat variety with high and stable yield, good quality, resistance to dis- eases, tolerance to spike sprouting, large head, white and big grain and outstanding commercial property, was put out in this article based on the development of wheat production, market economy and the needs of people. Depending on the selection and breeding work of Mianyang Institute of Agricultural Sciences for more than 20 years, new wheat varieties Mianyang 25, Mianyang 26, Mianyang 27, Mianyang 28, Mianyang 31, Xikemai 1 and Xikemai 6 were developed successively, which made a great contribution to the wheat breeding wheat breeding and production in SJchuan and even in China and the national food security.

The Impact of Climate Change on China＇s Grain Market and Food Security-- A CGE Model Approach

This paper examines the impact of climate change on China＇s grain production and food security. The research is one of the four studies on future conditions of China＇s food production system under the influence of climate change using numerical simulation methods, carried out under a national 973 project entitled ＂impacts of climate change on food systems in China and its adaptation＂. The other three studies focus on changes in cultivated land area and food production, while this study incorporates their grain yield results into a general equilibrium model to simulate future conditions of the grain market. Our simulation analysis arrives at the impact of climate change by comparing such economic variables as grain production, consumption, and GDP growth rate between a baseline scenario and two climate change scenarios. Our results are summarized as follows： （1） In 2050, the total grain production will reach 689.683 million tons--584.264 million tons of total grain consumption and 42.808 million tons of exports. Without considering losses and inventory demand, in 2050 China＇s grain supply and demand will remain well balanced, with a slight surplus expected. （2） Climate change is expected to benefit China＇s macro economy and individual sectors. In comparison with the baseline scenario of no climate change, real wage, real GDP, investment, household consumption, exports, and other macroeconomic indicators will rise under the climate change scenarios. As far as the agricultural, manufacturing, and service sectors are concerned, production, consumption, imports, and exports will each be favorably affected by climate change. （3） The favorable impact of climate change on China＇s macroeconomy and individual sectors under the high emissions scenario （A2） is stronger than that under the low emissions scenario （B2）. （4） In the grain market, climate change is expected to increase supply, reduce imports, increase supply, and demand; and supply will increase more than demand does. All in all, if taking into the fertilization effect of CO2 account, climate change is expected to strengthen China＇s grain supply and safeguard food security.

Effects of phosphorous fertilizer on seedlings growth and nodulation capabilities of some popular agroforestry tree species of Bangladesh

An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of Phosphorous （P） fertilizer （i.e. TSP or triple super phosphate @ 80 kg/hm^2） on seedling growth and nodulation capabilities of three potentially important agroforestry tree species （Acacia auriculiformis, Albizia lebbeck and Albizia procera） of Bangladesh. The study was conducted in nursery beds with six-month-old polybag seedlings ofA. auriculiformis, A. lebbeck and A. procera. The effects of P fertilizer on seedling growth and nodulation were compared with that of the seedlings grown in control （i.e. unfertilized soil）. The observations revealed that the seedling growth was enhanced significantly with the application of P fertilizer. The growth was found more pronounced in A. auriculiformis, whereas it was not apparent and shows depressed growth in case ofA. lebbeck. The study also suggests that the nodulation in terms of nodule number and size was also increased significantly with the application of P fertilizer.

Dietary lipid and gross energy affect protein utilization in the rare minnow Gobiocypris rarus

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to detect the optimal dietary protein and energy, as well as the ef fects of protein to energy ratio on growth, for the rare minnow( Gobiocypris rarus), which are critical to nutrition standardization for model fi sh. Twenty-four diets were formulated to contain three gross energy(10, 12.5, 15 kJ/g), four protein(20%, 25%, 30%, 35%), and two lipid levels(3%, 6%). The results showed that optimal dietary E/P was 41.7–50 kJ/g for maximum growth in juvenile rare minnows at 6% dietary crude lipid. At 3% dietary lipid, specifi c growth rate(SGR) increased markedly when E/P decreased from 62.5 kJ/g to 35.7 kJ/g and gross energy was 12.5 kJ/g, and from 75 kJ/g to 42.9 kJ/g when gross energy was 15.0 kJ/g. The optimal gross energy was estimated at 12.5 kJ /g and excess energy decreased food intake and growth. Dietary lipid exhibited an apparent protein-sparing eff ect. Optimal protein decreased from 35% to 25%–30% with an increase in dietary lipid from 3% to 6% without adversely ef fecting growth. Dietary lipid level af fects the optimal dietary E/P ratio. In conclusion, recommended dietary protein and energy for rare minnow are 20%–35% and 10–12.5 k J/g, respectively.

Livelihood Factors and Household Strategies for an Unexpected Climate Event in Upland Northern Laos

Climate events pose major challenges to food production and the livelihoods of rural inhabitants in northern Laos, where upland rice using swidden production is an important crop. The onset of the rainy season in this area is one such climate event, and it has occurred earlier and with less regularity in recent years. Not all households are able to cope with these changes. This study examines the ability of local farmers to cope with rice insufficiency. This investigation also clarifies household strategies in dealing with the climate event. We randomly interviewed 63 of 95 household heads, and performed a paired sample t test to examine the significance of differences in three household groups between the 2010 normal climate and the 2011 climate event. The groups were categorized according to rice selfsufficiency in 2011: groups I are households with rice self-sufficiency, group II are those facing a rice shortage of up to 3 months, and group III are those with insufficient rice for over 3 months. We also conducted a one-way ANOVA to examine the significance of differences in livelihood strategies among the three groups. We found that the household labor force was the most important factor in enhancing the villagers' ability to deal with the climate event and that the level of impact of that event shaped their coping strategies. Households with substantial labor force had more options for coping strategies than those with smaller ones. The villagers faced different levels of impact and adopted differentcoping strategies accordingly. Non-timber forest product collection was the principle livelihood strategy in response to non-climate factors such as education, access to health services, provision of equipment and clothing, and overcoming the impact of the climate event. Households heavily affected by the early rainy season onset tended to engage in intensive activities such as off-farm activity and outside work, rather than their major livelihood activities in the village(upland crop and livestock production).

Effect of Dietary Nitrogen Corrected-True Metabolism Energy and Digestible Amino Acids on Broiler Breeder Reproductive Performance

A study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary digestible amino acids of feedstuffs and true metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen on broiler breeder performance in 50 weeks to 64 weeks of age. 140 females and 20 males broiler breeders in 4 treatments with 5 replicates （7 females with a male） were used in the form of a completely randomized trial design 2 ~ 2 factorial. Four experimental diets were formulation based on two factors, first factor was included, two types of Apparent and True Metabolizable Energy corrected for Nitrogen （AMEn and TMEn） and the second factor was included, two types of Total Amino Acids （TAA） and Digestible （DAA） of feedstuffs. The result showed that egg weight, egg production （%） and egg mass （g/hen/day） was significantly different which was affected by diets formulation based on energy and interaction between energy and amino acids （P 〈 0.01）. Treatment 2 （AMEn ＋ DAA） was at the highest level significantly different （P 〈 0.01） in egg weight 68.97 g, egg production 62.45%, and egg mass 43. i g/hen/day. Hatching eggs were significantly different which was affected by diet formulation based on amino acids. Fertility, hatchability and number of chicks per hen were significant different, that were affected by diet formulation based on energy （P 〈 0.05）. Interaction between two factors, were significantly different in two reproductive traits fertility and hatchability （P 〈 0.05）. This experiment showed that diet formulation based on AMEn and DAA for broiler breeder was better and significant on performance.

ADSORPTION BEHAVIOUR OF Mn(Ⅱ) AND Zn(Ⅱ) ON ATTAPULGITE WITH FAAS METHOD

Active attapulbgite as adsorptive reagent, the adsorptive behavior of Mn(II) and Zn(II) was studied with Flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS) method. The mainly factors of influencing the adsorption and desorption of Mn(II) and Zn(II) were discussed. The interference of coexisting ions was investigated, and the actual sample determination from adzuki beans, mung beans and phosphating waste water was conducted with good result.

Supplemental Effects of Zinc Oxide on the Utilization of Cassava Plant Meal by Growing Pigs in the Humid Tropics

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of zinc oxide （ZnO） as an additive on cassava plant meal through the growth, serum metabolites and heamatological indices of growing pigs for eight weeks. Four experimental diets were formulated in this study. All the four diets contained 60% cassava plant meal. Diet 1 contained 0 ppm of ZnO, while diets 2, 3 and 4 contained 125, 250 and 300 ppm of ZnO, respectively. The cassava plant meal contained unpeeled tuber plus leaves and tender stems. The unpeeled cassava tuber was mixed with leaves and tender stem at ratio 2.5：1, while the ratio of the leaves and tender stem was 5：1. A total of 16 growing pigs （Large White x Hampshire） with initial mean weight of 24.92 - 0.37 kg were used in this study. They were randomly distributed into the four experimental diets formulated. There were four animals per diet and each animal served as a replicate. The diets were formulated to contain about 19% crude protein and 2.5 kcal/g metabolizable energy. This experiment was completely randomized designed. The results of this study showed that weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were not significantly （P 〉 0.05） affected by the inclusion of ZnO, although numerically 250 ppm gave the better values. The serum metabolites, such as the total protein, albumin, urea and cholesterol, were not significantly （P 〉 0.05） affected by the inclusion of ZnO. However, the serum creatinine and glucose were significantly （P 〈 0.05） affected. Moreover, haematological indices, such as the packed cell volume （PCV）, haemoglobin （FIB） and red blood cell （RBC）, were not significantly （P 〉 0.05） affected by the inclusion of ZnO; while the white blood cell （WBC） was significantly （P 〈 0.05） affected. It can be concluded from this study that ZnO could be used as an additive to improve the utilization of cassava plant meal by growing pigs.

The Use of Coffee Pulp as a Potential Alternative Supplement in Ruminant Diets

The study was conducted to evaluate the use of dried industrial coffee pulp in diets as supplement for ruminants. Two diets were formulated： A and B with 30% coffee pulp content each and different concentrations of carbohydrates （milled corn, corn bran, molasses, alfalfa hay） and fibrous residues （corn stubble, sugar cane mash） as ingredients. The dried coffee pulp was subjected to proximate analyses, whilst the two diets were subjected to nutritional and microbiological analyses. The results of the proximate analyses showed that the dried coffee pulp has 18% crude protein （CP）, 33.6% crude fibre （CF） and total digestible nutrients （TDN） content of 63.8%. Diets A and B had the similar mean values for CP, CF and TDN （17%, 4.3% and 75.6%, respectively）. The microbiological results showed that the two diets had the same minimal values for Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and coliform bacteria, which were all within the normal allowed values. The results indicate that dry coffee pulp in diets could be supplemented to ruminants for supporting milk and meat production without any adverse effect on their health.

Carbon Footprint in Meat Production and Supply Chains

All human activities, including food production, are potentially sources of greenhouse gases （GHG） emissions. In order to provide a better understanding of how to mitigate the GHG emissions, an inventory based on different beef supply chains in the United Kingdom and in Brazil was carried out. The carbon footprint of the beef systems was calculated based on the life cycle assessment methodology. Total emissions per kg of bone-free meat were calculated at being 33.85, 33.99 and 45.17 kg of CO2e-100/kg for UK1, UK2 and Brazil farm units, respectively. Based on an average potential for carbon sequestration rate at the proportion of 12：44 for C：CO2 conversion for well managed grasslands, there is a potential sequestration of 1,980 kg of CO2/ha/year. This would potentially reduce the total emissions value for the three distinct supply chains the cases ofUKb UK2 and Brazil, respectively. as being 29.4, 28.4 and 25.4 kg C02-e 100/kg of bone-free meat for

For a Healthier and Wealthier Developing World

Offering lectures'both on science frontier and practical skills;a fraining course on food biotechnology-specially tailored for developing countries showed how biotechnology can upgrade ancient approaches to food production,.like fermentation.

C and N stable isotope analysis of human and animal bones at the Beiqian site

The Beiqian site,located in Jimo city,Qingdao,went through three archaeological excavations,and a large number of human and animal bones in the Dawenkou culture and the Zhou Dynasty period were unearthed.By carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis,the diet of ancestors is expected to be recovered,and the domesticated plants and animals will be discussed.The investigated results showed that the food structure of ancestors in both periods included food crops,mainly C4 foods,and meat,mainly marine shellfish and livestock.For domestic pigs,they mainly eat C3 plants,and were affected by the lifestyle of ancestors.This study also showed that the diet of ancestors is the shellfish rather than marine fish despite the Beiqian site is located near the shoreline.We can conclude that the diet of ancestors in Dawenkou culture period included millet crops(C4plants),shellfish,marine food,and livestock,representing the lifestyle of farming,domestication,and fishing,supplemented by hunting.In the Zhou dynasty period the meat resource was enriched by domesticated animals and marine fisheries,and the living conditions were significantly improved.

Revealing the control of migratory fueling： An integrated approach combining laboratory and field studies in northern wheatears Oenanthe oenanthe

Migratory birds rely on fueling prior to migratory flights. Fueling in migrants is controlled by intrinsic as well as ex- trinsic factors. From captive studies we have started understanding the internal mechanisms controlling bird migration. Field studies have demonstrated the effects of external factors, such as food availability, weather, competitors, parasites or diseases, on the stopover behavior of migrants. However, an integrated approach is still missing to study coherently how the innate migration program interacts with the varying environmental cues and to estimate the contribution of the innate migration program and the environment to realized migration. The northern wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe offers a unique opportunity for integrated studies. It breeds across almost the whole Holarctic with just a ＂gap＂ between eastern Canada and Alaska. All breeding populations over- winter in sub-Saharan Africa which makes the northern wheatear one of the most long-distant migratory songbirds with extraor- dinary long non-stop flights across oceans. It is a nocturnal migrant which travels without parental or social aid/guidance. Thus, young birds rely entirely on endogenous mechanisms of timing, route selection and fueling on their first outbound migration. By establishing indoor housing under controlled conditions the endogenous control mechanisms of northern wheatear migration could be revealed. At the same time, environmental factors controlling fueling could be investigated in the field. On migration wheatears occur in a variety of habitats with sparse vegetation where their stopover behavior could be quantitatively studied in the light of ＂optimal migration＂ theory by the use of remote balances, radio-tagging and even experimentally manipulated food availability. The present paper summarizes our approach to understand the control of migration in northern wheatears by combin- ing field and laboratory studies at various spatial and temporal scales, and linking various sub-disciplines .