语言演变与层次替换——以江淮官话、吴语为例看汉语方言演变模式

语言谱系分化的模式注重分化,分化以后的语言差异越积越大,从单一的原始语言不断分化为不同的方言、语言、语族、语支,分化越久,差异越大。汉语方言的演变与谱系树模式不同,分化以后的方言还有一种趋同的向心力,这就是历代中原权威官话不断同化周边语言,造成汉语方言官话化、民族语言汉语化的原因。文章以江淮官话与吴语为例来说明因语言接触而引起的层次替换与自然音变的区别,层次替换的特点,以及层次分析的理论与方法等关键问题。

Semantics-Based Compliance An a lys is o f N e two rk S e cu rity Policy Hie ra rch ie s

Network security policy and the automated refinement of its hierarchies aims to simplify the administration of security services in complex network environments. The semantic gap between the policy hierarchies reflects the validity of the policy hierarchies yielded by the automated policy refinement process. However, little attention has been paid to the evaluation of the compliance between the derived lower level policy and the higher level policy. We present an ontology based on Ontology Web Language （OWL） to describe the semantics of security policy and their implementation. We also propose a method of estimating the semantic similarity between a given

论中古汉语方言的蟹摄一等韵——基于闽语及相关方言进行的探讨

从闽语及相关方言材料结合文献资料来观察,秦-西汉时代源于之微两部的咍韵说法不同,且泰韵与咍灰轩轾两分;古青徐和江东地区的汉语泰与咍灰亦有别,但就咍灰而言,前者为开合关系,后者则合而为一;唐朝长安话和唐代以降的中原汴洛汉语泰咍灰三韵不分。《切韵》时代的主要方言咍灰的元音不存在差异,二者分立源于它们在某些方言里的特殊关系以及"合者须再分"的立韵原则。