Developing an Assessment Model for Factors Affecting the Quality in the Construction Industry

Quality is considered as one of the most important elements in the construction industry. The factors affecting quality in the construction industry should be assessed. This paper aims to introduce a new model to assess these factors. The model is namely Fuzzy Assessment Model for Quality （FAMQ）. Fuzzy set theory provides a useful way to deal with ill-defined and complex problems in a decision-making environment that incorporates vagueness. The proposed model employs the combined effect of both; the factors probability of occurrence and their impacts on the quality of construction. Twenty five logical rules for each factor were implemented in the model. The model was evaluated using data that collected from the infrastructure projects in Egypt. It was applied to many factors that affect the quality of this kind of projects as a case study. The results of the study proved that the proposed model can be used successfully in the assessment of factors affecting quality in the construction industry. In addition, the results provided a platform of useful assessment reference to those infrastructure＇s finns, who plan to establish their businesses in Egypt.

艺术外的理论与艺术中的理论

本文从“理论”一词的本义“看视”这一视觉隐喻出发,对理论问题的讨论涉及观看主体的出发点、观看活动的方式、观看行为的结果等话题。艺术理论作为一种对艺术活动的特别审视,由其位置、视角和结果来看,可以区分为两种类型:艺术之外的理论和艺术之中的理论。艺术之外的理论是高于艺术作品和艺术实践的。这里所谓的“高于”,一方面指的是艺术理论攀附于哲学话语的自我定位;另一方面则表现为,现代艺术理论决定了艺术作品的意义呈现和感受体验,理论变得比艺术作品更加重要。这种理论很容易带有一种缺陷——缺乏对艺术实践的切实而恰当的考量。艺术之中的理论凭借从艺术结果到艺术过程的回溯和逆推,达到用概念自身的实践来印证和同步于艺术实践的效果。艺术之中的理论所能做的有三个方面:一是艺术理论须完成从艺术现象到艺术认知的转换;二是艺术理论应通过话语的建构,深切把握艺术活动中凝聚的人类想象力和创造力;三是艺术理论与它所解释的艺术对象一样,也是一种绘制人类想象力的工具,艺术理论与艺术整体活动一道发挥着印证人类生存状态和精神维度的功能。因此,艺术变得越是复杂,我们就越是需要理论,艺术理论本就是艺术整体活动的一种自我意识的体现。