印度佛教中“无作意”的三种定义及其延伸理解

印度佛教中关于“无作意”的定义和理解,大致有三种。第一种无作意的定义为不使心警觉发动且不引心趋向所缘境,并将此作为一种修持方法。这种定义依据法相学而来,在印度佛教的论著中最为常见。第二种无作意的定义为无二取并指向无二取之智慧,这种定义并不常见,由印度密修瑜伽士依据自身所学所修而阐发,其解读已完全不同于第一种。第三种无作意的定义是作意即无生,从胜义谛的层面说中无作意,大乘佛经中也直接点明此种解释,有确凿之根据。

高速铁路CRTSIⅢ型板式无轨道位置超标分析与精准控制研究

针对目前我国高速铁路普遍采用的CRTSⅢ型板式无轨道轨道板在自密实混凝土灌注后易出现上浮量与横向位移超标的问题,结合在建南沿江城际铁路项目进行分析,采取针对性优化改进与控制措施,确保无作轨道自密实混凝土灌注后轨道板上浮量及横向位移偏差满足验标要求,并在无作轨道施工中进行了具体应用,对类似工程项目有一定的借鉴作用与推广意义。

Effect of NH_4^+ exchange on CuY catalyst for oxidative carbonylation of methanol

NaY and ion exchanged NaNH4Y zeolite with NH4NO3 were used as the support to prepare CuY cata‐lysts by a high temperature anhydrous interaction between the support and copper （II） acety‐lacetonate Cu（acac）2. The catalysts were used for the oxidative carbonylation of methanol to dime‐thyl carbonate （DMC） at atmospheric pressure. The textural and acidic properties of NaNH4Y zeolite and the CuY catalysts were investigated by X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, N2 ad‐sorption‐desorption, temperature programmed reduction of H2, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and temperature programmed desorption of NH3. With increasing NH4NO3 concentration, the NH4＋exchange degree increased while the crystallinity of the zeolite remained intact. Crystalline CuO was formed when the NH4＋exchange degree of NaNH4Y was low, and the corresponding CuY catalyst showed low catalytic activity. With increasing of the NH4＋exchange degree of NaNH4Y, the content of surface bound Cu＋active centers increased and the catalytic activity of the corresponding CuY catalyst also increased. The surface bound Cu＋content reached its maximum when the NH4＋ex‐change degree of NaNH4Y reached towards saturation. The CuY exhibited optimal catalytic activity with 267.3 mg/（g·h） space time yield of DMC, 6.9%conversion of methanol, 68.5%selectivity of DMC.

Photosynthetic Responses to Inorganic Carbon in Ulva lactuca Under Aquatic and Aerial States

Intertidal macroalgae experience continual alternation of photosynthesis between aquatic state at high tide and aerial state at low tide. The comparative photosynthetic responses to inorganic carbon were investigated in the common intertidal macroalga Ulva lactuca L. along the coast of Shantou between aquatic and aerial state. The inorganic carbon dissolved in seawater at present could fully (at 10 ℃ or 20 ℃) or nearly (at 30 ℃) saturate the aquatic photosynthesis of U. lactuca . However, the aerial photosynthesis was limited by current ambient atmospheric CO 2 level, and such a limitation was more severe at higher temperature (20-30 ℃) than at lower temperature (10 ℃). The carbon_saturated maximal photosynthesis of U. lactuca under aerial state was much greater than that under aquatic state at 10 ℃ and 20 ℃, while the maximal photosynthesis under both states was similar at 30 ℃. The aerial values of K m (CO 2) for photosynthesis were higher than the aquatic values. On the contrary, the values of apparent photosynthetic CO 2 conductance under aerial state were considerably lower than that under aquatic state. It was concluded that the increase of atmospheric CO 2 would enhance the primary productivity of U. lactuca through stimulating the photosynthesis under aerial state during low tide.

无砟轨道地基泥岩膨胀变形及水分迁移速率衰减规律

在新时期这个时代大背景下,人们的思想越来越前卫,所以交通工具就显得尤为重要,它能让人们开阔眼界,增长见识。高铁在人们的日常生活中扮演十分重要的作用。高铁中的无砟地基轨道就是一种盛行的方法,就是它对泥岩膨胀变形的数值要求很严格,泥岩膨胀变形将影响行车的安全性和舒适性。所以,本文针对泥岩膨胀变形所做的试验进行理论性叙述期待对后来的人有所帮助。为了做这个实验,从泥岩浸水的方向的不同,做出实验效果并记录,做出对比效果图还能直观的看出泥岩浸水方向的不同引发的差异,通过实验数据的进一步分析,提出了渗透系数与水分迁移速率衰减的规律。通过图形对比发现,水分迁移速率随着水平距离和垂直距离的增大均呈递减趋势。研究结果可以为地基泥岩膨胀变形的治理及预警提供支撑。

CoMP-transmission-based energy-efficient scheme selection algorithm for LTE-A systems

In order to achieve higher system energy efficiency （EE）,a new coordinated multipoint （CoMP）-transmission-based scheme selection energy saving （CTSES）algorithm is proposed for downlink homogeneous cellular networks.The problem is formulated as an optimization of maximizing system EE,under the constraints of the data rate requirement and the maximum transmit power.The problem is decomposed into power allocation and alternative scheme selection problems.Optimal power allocation is calculated for CoMP-JT （joint transmission）and CoMP-CS （coordinated scheduling） transmissions,and the scheme with higher EE is chosen. Since the optimal problem is a nonlinear fractional optimization problem for both CoMP transmission schemes, the problem is transformed into an equivalent problem using the parametric method. The optimal transmit power and optimal EE are obtained by an iteration algorithm in CoMP-JT and CoMP-CS schemes.Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm offers obvious energy-saving potential and outperforms the fixed CoMP transmission scheme.Under the condition of the same maximum transmit power limit,the empirical regularity of user distribution for scheme choice is presented, and using this regularity, the computational complexity can be reduced.

Optimal decision threshold for soft decision cooperative spectrum sensing

In order to achieve higher spectrum efficiency in cognitive radio （CR） systems, a closed-form expression of the optimal decision threshold for soft decision cooperative spectrum sensing based on the minimum total error probability criterion is derived. With the analytical expression of the optimal decision threshold, the impact of different sensing parameters on the threshold value is studied. Theoretical analyses show that the optimal threshold achieves an efficient trade-off between the missed detection probability and the false alarm probability. Simulation results illustrate that the average signal-to-noise ratio （SNR） and the soft combination schemes have a great influence on the optimal threshold value, whereas the number of samples has a weak impact on the optimal threshold value. Furthermore, for the maximal ratio combing （MRC） and the modified deflection coefficient （MDC） schemes, the optimal decision threshold value increases and approaches a corresponding individual limit value while the number of CR users increases. But the number of CR users has a weak influence on the optimal decision threshold for the equal gain combining （EGC） scheme.

Effect of Continuous Vegetable Cultivation on Phosphorus Levels of Fluvo-Aquic Soils

Soil P status, inorganic P fractions, and P sorption properties were studiedusing sandy fluvo-aquic horticultural soils, which are high in organic matter content for vegetableproduction in comparison with a soil used for grain crop production in Zhengzhou, Henan Province,China P fractions, Olsen-P, and OM were determined at different depths in the soil profile andsorption isotherm experiments were performed Most P in excess of plant requirements accumulated inthe topsoil and decreased with soildepth. Total P, inorganic P, and OM concentrations increased withcontinued horticultural use Olsen-P concentrations in the 0-20 cm depth of horticultural soils were9 to 25 times higher than those of the grain crop soil. A linear transformation of the Langmuirequation showed that the P adsorption maximum (491.3 mg P kg^(-1)) and the maximum phosphatebuffering capacity (162.1 L kg^(-1)) for 80--100 cm were greater in the grain crop soil than thehorticultural soils. Thus, the most immediate concern with excess P were in areas where heavy Pfertilizer was used for vegetable crops and where soil P sorption capacities were low due to sandysoils and high organic matter content.

Wide-Band Polarization-Independent Semiconductor Optical Amplifier Gate with Tensile-Strained Quasi-Bulk InGaAs

A semiconductor optical amplifier gate based on tensile strained quasi bulk InGaAs is developed.At injection current of 80mA,a 3dB optical bandwidth of more than 85nm is achieved due to dominant band filling effect.Moreover,the most important is that very low polarization dependence of gain (<0 7dB),fiber to fiber lossless operation current (70～90mA) and a high extinction ratio (>50dB) are simultaneously obtained over this wide 3dB optical bandwidth (1520～1609nm) which nearly covers the spectral region of the whole C band (1525～1565nm) and the whole L band (1570～1610nm).The gating time is also improved by decreasing carrier lifetime.The wide band polarization insensitive SOA gate is promising for use in future dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) communication systems.

Effects of adding water on seasonal variation of soil nitrogen availability under sandy grasslands in semi-arid region

Water is usally thought of a limiting factor for the restoration of semi-arid ecosystem. In the growing season of 2006, a study was conducted to determine the effects of modeling precipitation on seasonal patterns in concentrations of soil-available nitrogen and to describe the seasonal patterns in soil nitrogen availability and seasonal variation in the rates of net nitrogen mineralization of topsoil at Daqinggou ecological station in Keerqin sand lands, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. Manipulation of water （80 mm） was designed to be added to experiment plots of sandy grasslands in dry season. Water addition （W） treatment and control （CK） treatment were separately taken in six replications and randomly assigned in 12 plots （4 m×4 m for each） with 2-m buffers betweens. Results showed that the content of soil inorganic nitrogen and net nitrogen mineralization rate were not affected by adding water in sandy grassland of Keerqin sand lands. Net ni- trogen mineralization rates ranged from 0.5μg·g^-1,month^-1 to 4 μg.g^-1.month^-1. The highest values of soil inorganic nitrogen and net nitrogen mineralization occurred on October 15 in control plots. The seasonal changes of soil inorganic nitrogen contents exhibited ＂V＂ shape pattern that was related to seasonal patterns of soil ammonium-N （ascending trend） and nitrate-N transformation （descending trend）.

Hypergraph High-Dimension Clustering Algorithm for Optimized Cooperative Wireless Multicast

In order to guarantee the wireless multicast throughput at a minimum cost, we propose a layered hypergraph high-dimension clustering algorithm (LayerHC) considering the channels and statistical locations of mobile members. The algorithm can achieve a minimum multicast spanning tree to obtain a minimum number of relays and effective cooperative areas with low computational complexity.

Reanalysis of the Atmospheric Flux of Nutrient Elements to the Southern Yellow Sea and the East China Sea

Based on the recent research results on dry and wet deposition of nutrient elements and sulphate, we estimate the atmospheric flux of nutrient elements and sulphate to the southern Yellow Sea and the East China Sea in each season. The results suggest that the concentrations of nutrient elements and sulphate in aerosol and precipitation show an apparent seasonal cycle with the maximum values in winter and the minimum values in summer. Depositions of nitrate and sulphate are dominated by wet deposition, while the deposition for phosphate is mainly dry deposition. Moreover, compared with the riverine inputs, the atmospheric deposition may be the main source of dissolved inorganic nutrients in the southern Yellow Sea and the East China Sea.

Tests and error analysis of a self-positioning shearer operating at a manless working face

Self-positioning of a shearer is the key technology for mining with a man-less working face. In an underground coal mine all radio navigation; satellite positioning or celestial navigation methods have their limitations. We analyzed an inertial navi-gation system intended to guide the movement a shearer and designed a self-positioning device for the shearer. Simulation tests were also performed on the system. We analyzed the errors observed in these tests to show that the main reason for the low preci-sion of the self-positioning system is accumulated error in the inertial sensor. A Kalman filtering algorithm used in combination with the shearer motion model effectively reduces the measurement errors of the self-positioning system by compensating for gyroscopic drift. Finally, we built an error compensation model to reduce accumulated errors using continuous correction to provide self-positioning of the shearer within a certain range of accuracy.

Social-Aware Cooperation Among Mobile Terminals for Wireless Downlink Transmission

This paper investigates the social-aware cooperation(SAC) among mobile terminals(MTs), motivated by the fact that modern smart devices have much improved context awareness. Aware of the social ties, the cooperative network contains two layers of property: social and physical. In order to observe how the social awareness benefit the cooperation performance, we first formulate the social ties between MTs into parameters that can describe the cooperative behaviors by taking the mobility feature into account, defined as the conviction-approval-suspicion(CAS) model. Limited by the processing capability, partner selection is of great practical significance. To this end, the social-aware partner selection strategy is analyzed, and a significant superiority is observed compared to social-unaware selection. By analyzing the cooperative throughput, an explicit relationship between the degrees-of-freedom gain and the social-physical property is finally derived. Simulation results validate the theoretical analysis.

Traffic Allocation Scheme with Cooperation of Multiple RANs in Universal Wireless Environments

This paper introduces an adaptive traffic allocation scheme with cooperation of multiple Radio Access Networks (RANs) in universal wireless environments.The different cooperation scenarios are studied,and based on the scenario of cooperation in both network layer and terminal layer,an open queuing system model,which is aiming to depict the characteristics of packet loss rate of wireless communication networks,is proposed to optimize the traffic allocation results.The analysis and numerical simulations indicate that the proposed scheme achieves inter-networking load balance tominimize the whole transmission delay and expands the communication ability of single-mode terminals to support high data rate traffics.

Volumetric and Viscometric Studies of 4-Aminobutyric Acid in Aqueous Solutions of Salbutamol Sulphate at 308.15, 313.15 and 318.15K

Density （ρ） and viscosity （η） measurements were carried out for 4-aminobutyric acid in 0.0041,0.0125 and 0.0207 mol·L-1 aqueous salbutamol sulphate at T=308.15,313.15 and 318.15K.The measured values of density and viscosity were used to estimate some important parameters such as apparent molar volume Vφ,limiting apparent molar volume Vφ0,transfer volume △Vφ0,hydration number Hn,second derivative of infinite dilution of partial molar volume with temperature 2Vφ0/T2,viscosity B-coefficients,variation of B with temperature dB/dT,free energy of activation per mole of solvent △μ10＊ and solute △μ20＊,activation entropy △S20＊ and activation enthalpy △H20＊ of the amino acids.These parameters have been interpreted in terms of solute-solute and solute-solvent interactions and structure making/breaking ability of solutes in the given solution.

POWER CONTROL BASED COOPERATIVE OPPORTUNISTIC ROUTING IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

This paper proposes an approach called PC-CORP (Power Control based Cooperative Opportunistic Routing Protocol) for WSN (Wireless Sensor Networks), providing robustness to the random variations in network connectivity while ensuring better data forwarding efficiency in an energy efficient manner. Based on the realistic radio model, we combine the region-based routing, rendezvous scheme, sleep discipline and cooperative communication together to model data forwarding by cross layer design in WSN. At the same time, a lightweight transmission power control algorithm called PC-AIMD (Power Control Additive Increase Multiplicative Decrease) is introduced to utilize the co- operation of relay nodes to improve the forwarding efficiency performance and increase the robustness of the routing protocol. In the simulation, the performance of PC-COPR is investigated in terms of the adaptation of variations in network connectivity and satisfying the QoS requirements of application.

Intermolecular Transalkylation of Isopropylnaphthalene and Its Application in the Production of 2,6-Diisopropylnaphthalene

Isopropylation of naphthalene with propene resulted in a variety of isomers having different alkylation levels.The most important isomer is 2,6-DIPN,which is the precursor of important monomer 2,6-naphthalene di- carboxylic acid used for making liquid crystal polymers.In order to increase the yield of 2,6-DIPN,the intermo- lecular transalkylation with naphthalene was applied to the mixture of other DIPNs and PIPN to obtain MIPN en- riched product,which underwent isopropylation with propene to produce 2,6-DIPN in a higher yield.The experi- mental study showed that the preferable conditions for transalkylation were reaction temperature of 325℃,the mo- lar ratio of isopropyl group to naphthyl group(IP/N)of 0.8︰1—0.9︰1,reaction time of 4h and 5%of amorphous silica-alumina by mass.The conversions of DIPN and PIPN in its mixture were 62%—69%and 87%—88%respec- tively and the yield of MIPN was greater than 40%.The mixture of MIPN enriched product and recovered MIPN from rectification was subject to isopropylation with propene at 275℃over a shape-selective catalyst to produce 2,6-DIPN in a yield up to 38%.A recycled process of recovered components was established,through one cycle the yield of 2,6-DIPN based on naphthalene may be 2.8 times higher than before,and the utilization ratio of raw naph- thalene was increased by 46%.

A model of Korotkoff sounds method electronic sphygmomanometer equivalent to the mercury one

Mercury sphygmomanometer (MSM) is reliable and widely used in clinics and hospitals. The principle of Korotkoff sounds method (KSM) applied in the MSM is also a gold standard to measure blood pressure. Many efforts have been made attempting to replace MSM, which is criticized for being not healthy and safe. In this research, an electronic blood pressure monitor, named K-sounds electronic sphygmomanometer (KESM), was designed as a substitute to MSM. The three key elements of KSM were proposed for the first time. We used appropriate electronic components to build the KESM which can fulfill the functions related to the three key elements. The KESM, which was easy to operate and free of mercury, followed the same principle as MSM. The same principle guaranteed the comparable accuracy. We took equivalence test and the results showed that the designed KESM was as accurate as the calibrated standard MSM. The designed KESM passed the certifications of SFDA and is qualified in clinics or hospitals for diagnostic purposes.

Broadband ＆ Digital Content-Couple Subscriber Cooperative Relaying Networks for Uplink Transmission using Hierarchical Game Approach

Cooperation allows wireless network users to benefit from various gains such as an in- crease in the achieved rate or an improvement in the bit error rate. In the paper, we propose a distributed Hierarchical Game （HG） theoretic framework over multi-user cooperative communication networks to stimulate cooperation and improve the network performance. First, we study a two- user decision making game in the OFDMA based subscriber cooperative relaying network, in which subscribers transmit their own data in the first phase, while helping to retransmit their partner＇s or choosing to freeride in the second phase. Instead of consulting to a global optimal solution, we decouple the cooperation resource allocation into two level subproblems： a user level Nash game for distributed cooperation decision and a Base Station （BS） level coalition game for centralized resource allocation. In the proposed HG algorithm, where mutual cooperation is preferred and total payoff is transferable, we prove it converges to a unique optimal equilibrium and resolve the subcarrier as-signment and power allocation among the couples. Besides, we discuss the existence of the publishing and rewarding coefficients in order to encourage cooperation. Then, we extend the HG to multi-user cases by coupling among subscribers according to the location information. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme with the distributed HG game achieves a well tradeoff between fairness and efficiency by improving the transmission efficiency of adverse users and outperforms those employing centralized schemes.