Searching Development-deficient Genes in Edible Mushroom by Self-crossing

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effect of mating factor recombination on the development of edible mushroom,and explore the possibility for using self-crossing to breed sporeless/low sporing mushroom strains.[Method] Selecting Agrocybe salicacola strain YAASM0711 as the self-crossing material,six self-crossed combinations were directionally constructed with single spore growth rate as an indicator,to carry out comprehensive analysis of the qualitative traits（color,deformity and growth characteristics）,quantitative traits（shape,yield,size and number of fruit bodies） and mating types of its self-crossed F1 progenies.[Result] After mating factor recombination,self-crossed single spore progenies showed serious genetic differentiation,the average mycelial growth rate and agronomic traits of inbred progenies were lower than those of the parents.The phenotype in fruiting body formation could be divided into normal fruiting and abnormal fruiting（including abnormal fruiting bodies,sporeless or low sporing fruiting bodies,no fruiting）.To be specific,18% self-crossed strains had superior agronomic traits to the parents,which can be used for selecting predominant strains from self-crossed progeny populations based on different breeding purposes.[Conclusion] The genes controlling mycelial growth rate of single spore were linked with mating factors.The mating factor-recombinant single spore strains could be selected according to the correlation between mating type and growth rate.The fruiting result of self-crossed strains indicated that the genes related to sporeless/low sporing development were recessive.Not only genetic materials harboring development-deficient genes in edible mushroom can be obtained by self-crossing,but also the sporeless/low sporing mutant strains with important application prospects can be bred.

New atom movement mechanism for tracking path on disordering AuCuI(A_8^(Au)A_4^(Cu)) compound

Taking experimental path on disordering AuCuI（AAuCu8A4）composed of A Au8 and ACu4 stem alloy genes as an example, three discoveries and a method were presented. The ability of Au Cu I（AAu Cu8 A4）to keep structure stabilization against changing temperature is attributed to the fact that the AAu8 and ACu4 potential well depths greatly surpass their vibration energies, which leads to the subequilibrium of experimental path. A new atom movement mechanism of AuCuI（AAuACu84）to change structure for suiting variation in temperature is the resonance activating-synchro alternating of alloy genes, which leads to heterogeneous and successive subequilibrium transitions. There exists jumping order degree, which leads to the existence of jumping Tj-temperature and an unexpected so-called ＂retro-effect＂ about jumping temperature retrograde shift to lower temperatures upon the increasing heating rate. A set of subequilibrium holographic network path charts were obtained by the experimental mixed enthalpy path method.

Using RAPD Method on Systematic Evolution of Four Species in Anura

The phylogenetic relationships of four species,Bufo melanostictus,Hyla chinensis,Rana limnocharis and Rana guentheri,which belong to three differrent families of Anura,were detected with RAPD technique.The genomic DNA of each species was amplified with 19 random primers.16 primers given clear amplified bands were used for analysis and the genetic distances between four species were calculated.The results show that RAPD bands obtained by all 16 primers evinced different degree polymorphisms.The genetic distance between R.limnocharis and R.guentheri is the nearest,that between B.melanostictus and H.chinensis is the second nearest,and that between B.melanostictus and R.guentheri is the furthest.The different distances also indicated that the relationship between Bufoidae and Hylidae is closer than that between Bufonidae and Ranidae at genomic DNA level.In concordant with the conclusion of the morphology,chromosomal and mitochondrial DNA studies,our results provide a new evidence of the systematic evolution of the three families of Anura at DNA molecular level.

Marker_Free: a Novel Tendency of Transgenic Plants

Marker free is a rapidly developed strategy that offers a new approach for the elimination of public concerns caused by the selectable marker genes conferring antibiotic or herbicide resistance and so on. Furthermore, marker_free transgenic plants (MFTPs) have a number of special advantages, such as decreasing the concerns about safety of selectable marker and stacking transgenes progressively into transgenic plants, which significantly owns potential application value. Major approaches developed recently for obtaining MFTPs were reviewed in this paper.

Generating Marker-Free Transgenic Tobacco Plants by Agrobacteriummediated Transformation with Double T-DNA Binary Vector

We have developed a 'double T-DNA' binary vector system for generating selectable marker-free transgenic plants by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The 'double T-DNA' binary vector pDLBRBbarm which carried two independent T-DNAs, one containing a selectable marker neomycin phosphotransferase (nptII) gene and the other a bargene, was constructed. Transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) plants were then produced by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation with this vector. Frequency of the primary transformants co-integrated with npt II gene and bar gene was 59.2%. Segregation of two T-DNA regions was found in 3 out of 4 T-1 lines from co-transformed T-0 plants with nptII and bar PPT-resistant and kanamycin-sensitive plants were in approximate 19.5% of the T-1 plants. The result indicated that this 'double T-DNA' vector system could be a workable approach to generate transgenic plants free from selectable marker genes. Co-transformation of nptII gene and bar gene to plants with mixtures of Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains containing single T-DNA vectors was also tested. Frequency of co-transformed plants was 20.0%-47.7% and relatively low as compared with that of 'double T-DNA' vector system.

Characterization of Hydraulic Fracture with Inflated Dislocation Moving Within a Semi-infinite Medium

Hydraulic fracturing is accompanied by a change in pore fluid pressure. As a result,this may be conveniently represented as inflated dislocation moving within a semi-infinite medium. Theory is developed to describe the pore pressures that build up around an inflated volumetric dislocation migrating within a saturated porous-elastic semi-infinite medium as analog to hydraulic fracturing emplacement. The solution is capable of evaluating the system behavior of both constant fluid pressure and zero flux surface conditions through application of a superposition. Characterization of horizontal moving dislocation processes is conducted as an application of these techniques. Where the mechanical and hydraulic parameters are defined,a priori,type curve matching of responses may be used to evaluate emplacement location uniquely. Pore pressure response elicited at a dilation,subject to pressure control is of interest in representing hydraulic fracturing where leak-off is an important component. The effect of hydraulic fracturing on fracture fluid pressure is evaluated in a poroelastic hydraulic fracture model utilizing dislocation theory. A minimum set of dimensionless parameters are defined that describe the system. Pore fluid pressures recorded during hydraulic fracturing of a well in the San Joaquin Valley of Central California is examined using the proposed model. The estimated geometry of the hydraulic fracture is matched with reasonable fidelity with the measured data.

Stress Uniformity Process of Specimens in SHPB Test Under Different Loading Conditions of Rectangular and Half-Sine Input Waves

Based on the characteristics of 1D waves,the stress uniformity process in specimens under different loading conditions of rectangular and half-sine input waves was analyzed in split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) test.The results show that the times of an elastic wave propa-gating from one end to the other in a specimen to attain stress equilibrium,is related to input wave-forms and relative mechanical impedance between the specimen and the input/output bars.Here-into,with the increae of the relative impedance,the times decreases under rectangular input waves loading,while it increases under half-sine input wave loading.The dimensionless stress value of specimen corresponding to the status of stress equilibrium increases with the increase of the rela-tive mechanical impedance.However,the dimensionless stress value under half-sine input wave loading is significantly lower than the value under rectangular input wave loading for specimen with low mechanical impedance,and the relative differentia of the dimensionless stress values under two loading conditions decreases with the increase of the relative mechanical impedance.In gen-eral,the forced state of specimen with relatively low mechanical impedance under half-sine input wave loading is evidently superior to the state under rectangular input wave loading in SHPB test,and the advantages of forced state under half-sine input wave loading turns weak with the increase of the relative mechanical impedance.

Influential factors on the exchange rate of dissolved inorganic nutrients at the sediment-water interface in Jiaozhou Bay, China

Incubation experiments are carried out to study the exchange rates of dissolved inorganic nutrients including silicate, phosphate, ammonium, nitrite, and nitrate (vSiO3-Si, vPO4-P, vNH4-N, vNO2-N and vNO3-N) at the sediment-water interface in the Jiaozhou Bay. Major factors influencing the exchange rates are discussed in detail, which include the dissolved inorganic nutrient concentrations in porewater (Cpw), water and clay contents, and grain size of the sediments (CH2O, Cclay and GSsed). The results may provide insight into the dynamics of nutrient transport and the environmental capacity of nutrients in Jiaozhou Bay, and should be beneficial to solving the problems caused by excessive nutrient input this area.

Improved Square-Root UKF Algorithm for State Estimation of Nonlinear Systems

The square-root unscented Kalman filter （SR- UKF） for state estimation probably encounters the problem that Cholesky factor update of the covariance matrices can＇t be implemented when the zero＇th weight of sigma points is negative or the mnnerical computation error becomes large during the faltering procedure. Consequently the filter becomes invalid. An improved SR-UKF algorithm （ISR- UKF） is presented for state estimation of arbitrary nonlinear systems with linear measurements. It adopts a modified form of predicted covariance matrices, and modifies the Cholesky factor calculation of the updated covariance matrix originating from the square-root covariance filtering method. Discussions have been given on how to avoid the filter invalidation and further error accumulation. The comparison between the ISR-UKF and the SR-UKF by simulation also shows both have the same accuracy for state estimation. Finally the performance of the improved filter is evaluated under the impact of model mismatch. The error behavior shows that the ISR-UKF can overcome the impact of model mismatch to a certain extent and has excellent trace capability.

Short Review:Mitochondrion and its related disorders:Making a comeback

The great majority of genetic disorders are caused by defects in the nuclear genome. However, some significant diseases are the result of mitochondrial mutations. Because of the unique features of the mitochondria, these diseases display characteristic modes of inheritance and a large degree of phenotypic variability. Recent studies have suggested that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a central role in a wide range of age-related disorders and various forms of cancer.

Iatrogenic bile duct injuries:Etiology,diagnosis and management

Iatrogenic bile duct injuries (IBDI) remain an important problem in gastrointestinal surgery. They are most frequently caused by laparoscopic cholecystectomy which is one of the commonest surgical procedures in the world. The early and proper diagnosis of IBDI is very important for surgeons and gastroenterologists, because unrecognized IBDI lead to serious complications such as biliary cirrhosis, hepatic failure and death. Laboratory and radiological investigations play an important role in the diagnosis of biliary injuries. There are many classifications of IBDI. The most popular and simple classification of IBDI is the Bismuth scale. Endoscopic techniques are recommended for initial treatment of IBDI. When endoscopic treatment is not effective, surgical management is considered. Different surgical reconstructions are performed in patients with IBDI. According to the literature, Roux- en-Y hepaticojejunostomy is the most frequent surgical reconstruction and recommended by most authors. In the opinion of some authors, a more physiological and equally effective type of reconstruction is end- to-end ductal anastomosis. Long term results are the most important in the assessment of the effectiveness of IBDI treatment. There are a few classifications for the long term results in patients treated for IBDI; the Terblanche scale, based on clinical biliary symptoms, is regarded as the most useful classification. Proper diagnosis and treatment of IBDI may avoid many serious complications and improve quality of life.

Risk Assessment of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Flight Based on Kmeans Clustering Algorithm

To quantify unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)flight risks in low-altitude airspace,we analyze the factors of UAV flight risks from three aspects:flight conflict,flight environment,and traffic characteristics.The aerial risk index and ground risk index of the UAV are constructed,the index screening model and the UAV flight risk assessment model are established,and a UAV flight risk assessment model based on K-means clustering has been proposed.Meanwhile,numerical simulations show the proposed method can not only evaluate the UAV flight risks effectively,but also provide technical support for UAV risk management and control.

A New Architecture of Twiddle Factor Generator for Radix-2 1024-Point FFT

A new ROMless twiddle factor generator for radix-2 1024-point FFT is proposed.It consists of several simple logic units and each of them synthesizes some data,which will be used to compose the twiddle factors.The power analysis with Synopsys Power Compiler shows that it consumes about 2mW with TSMC 0.25μm CMOS process at 50MHz.This twiddle factor generator is designed for the low power applications,especially for the mobile communications and other portable devices...

TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA POLYMORPHISM AND SECRETION IN MYASTHENIA GRAVIS

Objective To analyze the relationship between tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) gene promoter -308 polymorphism and myasthenia gravis (MG) in Chinese and analyze secretion of TNFα in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in MG patients. Methods A biallelic polymorphism at position -308 in the promoter of TNFα gene was screened by PCR amplification and NcoI recognition site. One hundred and twenty-three MG cases and 115 healthy controls were included in this study. MG patients were classified to different groups according to clinical type, age at onset, and sex respectively. PBMC were isolated from 20 patients and 20 healthy controls, and then cultured in the presence or absence of phytohemag- glutinin (PHA) and acetycholine receptors (AchR). The supernatants were harvested after incubation and stored until TNFα was assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results The frequency of TNFα-308 allele 2 (A) was found significantly increase in MG patients and showed a trend especially in late onset (≥ 40 years) and male patients (P < 0.05). The allele A had no relationship with thymic pathogenesis in MG patients. But frequency of allele A was significantly higher in general type than in ocular type (P < 0.05). MG patients had a higher inducible level of TNFα by PHA and AchR, and could be down regulated after treatment. Conclusion Polymorphism in TNFα gene promoter -308 is associated with onset of MG. The microsatellite allele TNFα2 confer risk for the development of MG in Chinese patients. MG patients have a higher inducible level of TNFα.

Is Precipitation the Dominant Controlling Factor of High Inorganic Nitrogen Content in the Changjiang River and Its Mouth?

The main reasons for the high content of inorganic N and its increase by several times in the Changjiang River and its mouth during the last 40 years were analysed in this work. The inorganic N in precipitation in the Changjiang River catchment mainly comes from gaseous loss of fertilizer N, N resulting from the increases of population and livestock, and from high temperature combustions of fossil fuels. N from precipitation is the first N source in the Changjiang River water and the only direct cause of high content of inorganic N in the Changjiang River and its mouth. The lost N in gaseous form and from agriculture non point sources fertilizer comprised about 60% of annual consumption of fertilizer N in the Changjiang River catchment and were key factors controlling the high content of inorganic N in the Changjiang River mouth. The fate of the N in precipitation and other N sources in the Changjiang River catchment are also discussed in this paper.

Tree-Based Proactive Routing Protocol for Wireless Mesh Network

Wireless Mesh Network （WMN） is seen as an effective Intemet access solution for dynamic wireless applications. For the low mobility of mesh routers in WMN, the backbone topography can be effectively maintained by proactive routing protocol. Pre-proposals like Tree Based Routing （TBR） protocol and Root Driven Routing （RDR） protocol are so centralized that they make the gateway becorre a bottleneck which severely restricts the network performance. We proposed an Optimized Tree-based Routing （OTR） protocol that logically separated the proactive tree into pieces. Route is partly computed by the branches instead of root. We also discussed the operation of multipie Intemet gateways which is a main issue in WMN. The new proposal lightens the load in root, reduces the overhead and improves the throughput. Numerical analysis and simulation results confirm that the perforrmnce of WMN is improved and OTR is more suitable for large scale WMN.

Cloning and characterization of a FLORICAULA/LEAFY ortholog, PFL, in polygamous papaya

The homologous genes FLORICAULA (FLO) in Antirrhinum and LEAFY (LFY) in Arabidopsis are known to regu- late the initiation of flowering in these two distantly related plant species. These genes are necessary also for the expression of downstream genes that control floral organ identity. We used Arabidopsis LFY cDNA as a probe to clone and sequence a papaya ortholog of LFY, PFL. It encodes a protein that shares 61% identity with the Arabidopsis LFY gene and 71% identity with the LFY homologs of the two woody tree species: California sycamore (Platanus racemosa) and black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa). Despite the high sequence similarity within two conserved regions, the N-terminal proline-rich motif in papaya PFL differs from other members in the family. This difference may not affect the gene function of papaya PFL, since an equally divergent but a functional LFY ortholog NEEDLY of Pinus radiata has been reported. Genomic and BAC Southern analyses indicated that there is only one copy of PFL in the papaya genome. In situ hybridization experiments demonstrated that PFL is expressed at a relatively low level in leaf primordia, but it is expressed at a high level in the floral meristem. Quantitative PCR analyses revealed that PFL was expressed in flower buds of all three sex types - male, female, and hermaphrodite with marginal difference between hermaphrodite and unisexual flowers. These data suggest that PFL may play a similar role as LFY in flower development and has limited effect on sex differentiation in papaya.

The first complete mitogenome of Cyclommatus stag beetles(Coleoptera: Lucanidae) with the phylogenetic implications

The first complete mitogenome of Cyclommatus stag beetles, Cyclommatus vitalisi（Coleoptera： Lucanidae） is sequenced using the next generation sequening. The genomic structure is a closed circular molecule with 17,853 bp in length, comprising 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes（t RNAs）, 2 ribosomal RNAs（r RNAs） and a control region. The sequence has neither a gene rearrangement nor a non-coding region. The nucleotide composition is A（36. 31%）, C（21. 48%）, T（31. 20%） and G（11. 01%）, with overall AT content of 73. 61%. The phylogenetic analysis of 13 stag beetles and another three scarab beetles show that Cyclommatus vitalisi shares a close ancestry with Lucanus mazama and Lucanus fortunei.

Ethanol injection is highly effective for hepatocellular carcinoma smaller than 2cm

AIM： To analyze the long-term prognosis in a cohort of western cirrhotic patients with single hepatocellular carcinoma treated with ethanol injection.METHODS： One-hundred forty-eight patients with solitan/hepatocellular carcinoma were enrolled. The tumor diameter was lower than 2 cm in 47 patients but larger in the remaining 101 patients. The impact of some pre- treatment clinical and laboratory parameters and of tu- mor recurrence on patients＇ survival was assessed.RESULTS： Among the pre-treatment parameters, only a tumor diameter of less than 2 cm was an independent prognostic factor of survival. The occurrence of new nodules in other liver segments and the neoplastic portal invasion were linked to a poorer prognosis at univariate analysis. Patients with a single hepatocellular carcinoma smaller than 2 cm showed a better 5-year cumulative survival （73.0% vs 47.9%） （P = 0.009）, 3-year local re- currence rate （29.1% vs 51.5%） （P = 0.011）, and 5-year distant intrahepatic recurrence rate （52.g% vs 62.8%） （P = 0.054） compared to patients with a larger tumor. CONCLUSION： The 5-year survival rate of patients with single hepatocellular carcinoma 〈 2 cm undergoing ethanol injection is excellent and comparable to that achieved using radiofrequency ablation.

Inheritance Pattern of Microsatellite Loci and Their Use for Kinship Analysis in the Japanese Scallop Patinopecten yessoensis

The inheritance mode of seven microsatellite markers was investigated in Patinopecten yessoensis larvae from four con-trolled crosses,and the feasibility of using these markers for kinship estimation was also examined. All the seven microsatellite loci were compatible with Mendelian inheritance. Neither sex-linked barriers to transmission nor major barriers to fertilization between gametes from the parents were evident. Two of the seven loci showed the presence of null alleles in two families,suggesting the need to conduct comprehensive species-specific inheritance studies for microsatellite loci used in population genetic studies. However,even if the null allele heterozygotes were considered as homozygotes in the calculation of genetic distance,offspring from four families were all unambiguously discriminated in the neighbor-joining dendrogram. This result indicates that the microsatellite markers used may be capable of discriminating between related and unrelated scallop larvae in the absence of pedigree information,and of investigating the effective number of parents contributing to the hatchery population of the Japanese scallop.