软体动物的躯壳——论穆齐尔小说《没有个性的人》中的“无定形性”

奥地利作家罗伯特·穆齐尔在其长篇小说《没有个性的人》中,借由主人公乌尔里希选择与修葺私人住宅的过程,对“无定形性”这一概念所折叠的多重内涵进行了文学化的展示:乌尔里希居住的这所风格杂糅的小宫殿不仅仅象征着世纪转折时期奥匈帝国社会生活诸多方面新旧交织的状态,也是对于加速的现代生活之中碎片化经验结构的再现;同时,这所“无定形”的小宫殿也成了穆齐尔现代性批判的切口,呈现了现代人在诸多话语的规训之中、在社会环境的塑造之下失去独立内在性的状态。

Amorphous core-shell NiMoP@CuNWs rod-like structure with hydrophilicity feature for efficient hydrogen production in neutral media

Using interface engineering,a highly efficient catalyst with a shell@core structure was successfully synthesized by growing an amorphous material composed of Ni,Mo,and P on Cu nanowires(Ni-MoP@CuNWs).This catalyst only requires an overpotential of 35 mV to reach a current density of 10 mA cm^(-2).The exceptional hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)activity is attributed to the unique amorphous rod-like nature of NiMoP@CuNWs,which possesses a special hydrophilic feature,en-hances mass transfer,promotes effective contact between the electrode and electrolyte solution,and exposes more active sites during the catalytic process.Density functional theory revealed that the introduction of Mo weakens the binding strength of the Ni site on the catalyst surface with the H atom and promotes the desorption process of the H_(2) product significantly.Owing to its facile syn-thesis,low cost,and high catalytic performance,this electrocatalyst is a promising option for com-mercial applications as a water electrolysis catalyst.

Preparation and characterization of amorphous boron powder with high activity

The amorphous boron powders with high activity were prepared by the high-energy ball milling-combustion synthesis method. The effects of the milling rate and milling time on the crystallinity, microscopic morphology and reactivity of amorphous boron powder were studied. The results show that the crystallinity of amorphous nano-boron powder is only 22.5%, and its purity reaches 92.86%. The high-energy ball milling can significantly refine boron powder particle sizes, whose average particle sizes are smaller than 50 nm, and specific surface areas are of up to 70.03 m2/g. When the transmission electron beam irradiates the samples, they rapidly melt. It can be seen that the monomer amorphous boron size is less than 30 nm from the specimen melting traces, which indicates that the samples have high reactivity.

局部型炭疽病原体镜检形态变化

不管哪种型的炭疽。实验室检查都是不可缺少的一环。但是,俄学者深化研究证实,局部型炭疽的大多数病例从其病灶里分离出来的病原体,在涂片上经常会出现各种形状的短杆菌:纺锤形的、球杆状的、梨形的、S样弯曲的、凸隆形的、球菌形的和球状的(大或小)。由于炭疽杆菌这种变异性和无定形性给正确诊断局部型炭疽带来诸多困难。因此,对这种特殊情况。

Synthesis of texture-excellent mesoporous alumina using PEG1000 as structure-directing agent

By varying concentration of PEG1000 as a structure-directing agent,mesoporous alumina with excellent textural properties was synthesized.The prepared mesoporous alumina displays high thermal stability,as shown by its textural properties at different calcination temperatures of 600-850 °C.Characterization by SEM and TEM revealed that the added PEG surfactant induced the formation of petal-like alumina.XRD results clarified that all samples were amorphous and their peaks were around the peaks of γ-alumina.N_2 adsorption-desorption analysis showed that the prepared mesoporous alumina,if with PEG1000 in hydrolysis of aluminum isopropoxide,had excellent textural properties with large specific surface area,high pore volume and suitable pore size.The petal-like structure existing in the alumina samples improved their textural parameters,and the role and influential mechanism of PEG1000 were analyzed.

Quantum Chemistry Study on Local Structure and Properties of Amorphous Fe80P20 Alloy

According to the structure features of Fe80P20, A series of clusters Fe4P were designed and focused on studying the stability of local structure, charge distribution and chemical bond, Using the DFT method, energy and structure of Fe4P clusters were optimized and analyzed. The computational results showed that the energy of cluster 1（2） has the lowest energy, and the possibility of its existence in the Fe80P20 is high. Analyzing the transition states among the clusters, it was found that the clusters in the doublet state are more stable than those in the quartet state. The numbers of the Fe-P bond in the clusters play important roles in the cluster stability and electrons transfer properties, The more numbers of Fe-P bonds in the clusters, the higher the cluster stability, and the weaker the ability of P atom to get electron, The number of Fe atoms, which has bonding interactions with the P atom, is direct proportional to the average 3d orbit population of Fe atom. Basing on the orbital population, average magnetic moments of each Fe atom in the Fe4P clusters were calculated, and they are all smaller than that of single metal Fe atom. This suggests that all Fe4P clusters have soft magnetic property and they are expected to be perfect material for preparing soft magnetic apparatus.

Influences of melt spinning on electrochemical hydrogen storage performance of nanocrystalline and amorphous Mg_2Ni-type alloys

In order to improve the electrochemical hydrogen storage performance of the Mg2Ni-type electrode alloys, Mg in the alloy was partially substituted by La, and the nanocrystalline and amorphous Mg2Ni-type Mg20-xLaxNi10 （x-=0, 2） alloys were synthesized by melt-spinning technique. The microstructures of the as-spun alloys were characterized by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. The electrochemical hydrogen storage properties of the experimental alloys were tested. The results show that no amorphous phase is detected in the as-spun Mg20Ni10 alloy, but the as-spun Mg18La2Ni10 alloy holds a major amorphous phase. As La content increases from 0 to 2, the maximum discharge capacity of the as-spun （20 m/s） alloys rises from 96.5 to 387.1 mA.h/g, and the capacity retaining rate （S20） at the 20th cycle grows from 31.3% to 71.7%. Melt-spinning engenders an impactful effect on the electrochemical hydrogen storage performances of the alloys. With the increase in the spinning rate from 0 to 30 m/s, the maximum discharge capacity increases from 30.3 to 135.5 mA.h/g for the Mg20Ni10 alloy, and from 197.2 to 406.5 mA-h/g for the Mg18La2Ni10 alloy. The capacity retaining rate （S20） of the Mg2oNi10 alloy at the 20th cycle slightly falls from 36.7% to 27.1%, but it markedly mounts up from 37.3% to 78.3% for the Mg18La2Ni10 alloy.

High temperature plastic deformation behavior of non-oriented electrical steel

High temperature plastic deformation behavior of non-orientated electrical steel was investigated by Gleeble 1500 thermo-mechanical simulator at strain rate of 0.01-10 s^-1 and high temperature of 500-1 200 ℃. The stress level factor （a）, stress exponent （n）, structural factor （A） and activation energy （Q） of high temperature plastic deformation process of non-orientated electrical steel in different temperature ranges were calculated by the Arrhenius model. The results show that, with dynamic elevation of deformation temperature, phase transformation from α-Fe to γ-Fe takes place simultaneously during plastic deformation, dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization process, leading to an irregular change of the steady flow stress. For high temperature plastic deformation between 500 and 800 ℃, the calculated values of a, n, A, and Q are 0.039 0 MPa 1, 7.93, 1.9× 10^18 s^-1, and 334.8 kJ/mol, respectively, and for high temperature plastic deformation between 1 050 and 1 200 ℃, the calculated values of a, n, A, and Q are 0.125 8 MPa1, 5.29, 1.0 × 10^28 s^-1, and 769.9 kJ/mol, respectively.

Magnetic Nano-Amorphous-Iron-Oxide-Based Drug Delivery System with Dual Therapeutic Mechanisms

Smart nanoparticles that respond to pathophysiological parameters,such as p H,GSH,and H2O2,have been developed with the huge and urgent demand for the high-efficient drug delivery systems(DDS)for cancer therapy.Herein,cubic poly(ethylene glycol)(PEG)-modified mesoporous amorphous iron oxide(AFe)nanoparticles(AFe-PEG)have been successfully prepared as p H-stimulated drug carriers,which can combine doxorubicin(DOX)with a high loading capacity of 948 mg/g,forming a novel multifunctional AFe-PEG/DOX nanoparticulate DDS.In an acidic microenvironment,the AFe-PEG/DOX nanoparticles will not only release DOX efficiently,but also release Fe ions to catalyze the transformation of H2O2 to·OH,acting as fenton reagents.In vitro experimental results proved that the AFe-PEG/DOX nanoparticles can achieve combination of chemotherapeutic(CTT)and chemodynamic therapeutic(CDT)effects on Hela tumor cells.Furthermore,the intrinsic magnetism of AFePEG/DOX makes its cellular internalization efficiency be improved under an external magnetic field.Therefore,this work develops a new and promising magnetically targeted delivery and dual CTT/CDT therapeutic nano-medicine platform based on amorphous iron oxide.

Synthesis of Large Area, Homogeneous, Single Layer Graphene Films by Annealing Amorphous Carbon on Co and Ni

The synthesis of large area, homogenous, single layer graphene on cobalt （Co） and nickel （Ni） is reported. The process involves vacuum annealing of sputtered amorphous carbon （a-C） deposited on Co/sapphire or Ni/sapphire substrates. The improved crystallinity of the metal film, assisted by the sapphire substrate, proves to be the key to the quality of as-grown graphene film. The crystallinity of the Co and Ni metal films was improved by sputtering the metal at elevated temperature as was verified by X-ray diffraction （XRD）. After sputtering of a-C and annealing, large area, single layer graphene that occupies almost the entire area of the substrate was produced. With this method, 100 mm2-area single layer graphene can be synthesized and is limited only by the substrate and vacuum chamber size. The homogeneity of the graphene film is not dependent on the cooling rate, in contrast to syntheses using polycrystalline metal films and conventional chemical vapor deposition （CVD） growth. Our facile method of producing single layer graphene on Co and Ni metal films should lead to large scale graphene-based applications.

Magnetic properties and large magnetocaloric effects in amorphous Gd-Al-Fe alloys for magnetic refrigeration

A series of the amorphous Gd75-55A125-5Fe0-40 alloy ribbons were prepared by melt spinning. The structure, magnetic properties and magnetocaloric effect （MCE） of these alloys were investigated. The prepared samples have shown the characteristics of a second-order phase transition with zero hysteresis loss and the Tc can be tuned by changing the Fe contents. For the different compositions, the magnetic entropy change （-△Sm） for a field change of 0-5 T reached a maximum value of 7.14 J kg 1 K1 in the Gd70A120Fel0 alloy near its Curie temperature （To） of 149 K. The non-linear composition dependence of （- △ Sin） could be caused by the competitions between Fe-Fe, Fe-Gd and Gd-Gd interactions. The refrigeration capacity （RC） values of these al- loys are about 532-780 J/kg under a magnetic field change of 0-5 T. The results indicate that amorphous GdFeA1 alloys can be considered as ideal candidates for a magnetic refrigerant in the temperature range of 104-222 K.

Magnetic properties and magnetocaloric effects in amorphous and crystalline Gd_(55)Co_(35)Ni_(10) ribbons

The magnetic properties and magnetocaloric effects of amorphous and crystalline Gd55Co35Ni10 ribbons are investigated.A main phase with a Ho 12 Co 7-type monoclinic structure(space group P21/c) and a minor phase with a Ho4Co3-type hexagonal structure(space group P63/m) are obtained for crystalline ribbon after annealing.The amorphous ribbons order ferromagnetically and undergo a second-order transition at 192 K.For crystalline Gd55Co35Ni10 ribbons,two magnetic phase transitions occur at 158 and 214 K,respectively.The peak value of-△SM under a field change of 0-5 T is 6.5 J/kg K at 192 K for amorphous Gd55Co35Ni10 ribbons.A relatively large magnetic entropy change(～5.0 J/kg K) under a field change of 0-5 T for the crystalline Gd55Co35Ni10 ribbons is obtained in the temperature interval range of 154-214 K.The large platform of magnetic entropy change and the negligible thermal/magnetic hysteresis loss mean the crystalline Gd55Co35Ni10 compound can satisfy the requirement of the Ericsson-type refrigerator working in the temperature range from 154K to 214K.

Polymorphs and permeability of 3’,4’-dimethoxy flavonol-3-O-β-Dglucopyranoside monohydrate

3’,4’-Dimethoxy-flavonol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside monohydrate(GDH),which can significantly reduce blood lipids,atherosclerotic aortic lesions,and liver injury,has poor oral bioavailability.In the present study,we aimed to prepare and characterize five new polymorphs of GDH(II,III,IV,V,and VI)and the amorphous form of GDH(GDH-AM).The GDH polymorphs and GDH-AM were characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM),differential scanning calorimetry(DSC),thermogravimetric analysis(TGA),X-ray powder diffraction(XRPD),and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR).Dissolution tests,physical stability,polymorphic transformation,and permeability studies were subsequently investigated.Dissolution of GDH-II and GDH-IV reached higher concentrations compared with GDH-I.GDH-AM exhibited a significantly high dissolution rate and prolonged supersaturation during dissolution.No phase transition was found for GDH-I and GDH-AM after 3 months of storage,while GDH-II,GDH-III,GDH-IV,GDH-V,and GDH-VI were readily converted to GDH-I.In situ single-pass intestinal perfusion experiments showed that the high concentration of GDH exhibited low permeability.Sodium dodecyl sulfate and bovine bile salts were used as absorption enhancers to improve the permeability of GDH.The results showed that sodium dodecyl sulfate and taurocholate were good absorption enhancers for further formulation development of GDH.

Effect of additives on the photovoltaic properties of organic solar cells based on triphenylamine-containing amorphous molecules

Photovoltaic performance of the organic solar cells （OSCs） based on 2-（（5＇-（4-（（4-（（E）-2-（5＇-（2,2-dicyanovinyl）-3＇,4-dihexyl- 2,2＇-bithiophen-5-yl）vinyl） phenyl）（phenyl）amino）styryl）-4~4＇-dihexyl-2,2＇-bithiophen-5-yl）methylene）malononitrile （L（TPA- bTV-DCN）） as donor and PC70BM as acceptor was optimized using 0.25 vol% high boiling point solvent additive of 1-chloronaphthalene （CN）, 1,6-hexanedithiol （HDT）, or 1,8-diodooctane （DIO）. The optimized OSC based on L（TPA-bTV- DCN）-PC70BM （1：2, w/w） with 0.25 vol% CN exhibits an enhanced power conversion efficiency （PCE） of 2.61%, with Voc of 0.87 V, Jsc of 6.95 mA/cm2, and FF of 43.2%, under the illumination of 100 mW/cm2 AM 1.5 G simulated solar light, whereas the PCE of the OSC based on the same active layer without additive is only 1.79%. The effect of the additive on absorption spectra and the atomic force microscopy images of L（TPA-bTV-DCN）-PCv0BM blend films were further investigated. The improved efficiency of the device could be ascribed to the enhanced absorption and optimized domain size in the L（TPA-bTV-DCN）-PC70BM blend film.

Modulating the thermal conductivity of silicon nanowires via surface amorphization

We perform non-equilibrium molecular dynamics calculations to study the heat transport in crystalline-core amorphous-shell silicon nanowires(SiNWs).It is found that the thermal conductivity of the core-shell SiNWs is closely related to the cross-sectional area ratio of amorphous shell.Through shell amorphization,an 80%reduction in thermal conductivity compared to crystalline SiNWs with the same size can be achieved,due to the non-propagating heat diffusion in the amorphous region.In contrast to the strong temperature-dependent thermal conductivity of crystalline SiNWs,the core-shell SiNWs only show weak temperature dependence.In addition,an empirical relation is proposed to accurately predict the thermal conductivity of the core-shell SiNWs based on the rule of mixture.The present work demonstrates that SiNWs with an amorphized shell are promising candidates for thermoelectric applications.

Amorphous cobalt hydroxysulfide nanosheets with regulated electronic structure for high-performance electrochemical energy storage

Pseudocapacitors with high power density,longterm durability,as well as reliable safety,play a key role in energy conversion and storage.Designing electrode materials combing the features of high specific capacitance,excellent rate performance,and outstanding mechanical stability is still a challenge.Herein,a facile partial sulfurization strategy has been developed to modulate the electronic structure and crystalline texture of cobalt hydroxide nanosheets(denoted as Co(OH)2)at room temperature.The resultant cobalt hydroxysulfide nanosheet(denoted as Co SOH)electrode with abundant low-valence cobalt species and amorphous structure,exhibits a high specific capacitance of 2110 F g^-1at1 A g^-1with an excellent capability retention rate of 92.1%at10 A g^-1,which is much larger than that of Co(OH)2 precursor(916 F g^-1at 1 A g^-1 and 80%retention at 10 A g^-1).Furthermore,the fabricated asymmetric supercapacitor device constructed with Co SOH and active carbon displays a considerable high energy density of 44.9 W h kg^-1at a power density of 400 W kg^-1,and exceptional stability after 8000cycles.